Quelle: MEW 25 Das Kapital - Dritter Band
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Anhang und Register
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Fremdsprachige Zitate
Die fremdspraen Zitate, die in den Fußnoten in deutscher Überset-
zung gebracht wurden, werden hier nach der 1. Auflage wiedergege-
ben. Offensichtliche Druck- oder Schreibfehler wurden still-
schweigend korrigiert. Wesentliche Abweichungen gegenüber dem
Original sind in Fußnoten vermerkt.
Erster Teil
S. 193 Note 30 "If is not meant to be asserted by him" (Ricardo)
"that two particular lots of two different articles, as a hat and
a pair of shoes, exchange with one another when those two parti-
cular lots were produced by equal quantities of labour. By
'commodity' we must here understand the 'description of commo-
dity', not a particular individual hat, pair of shoes etc. The
whole labour which produces all the hats in England is to be con-
sidered, for this purpose, as divided among all the hats. This
seems to me not to have been expressed at first, and in the gene-
ral statements of this doctrine." ("Observations on some verbal
disputes in Pol. Econ. etc.", London 1821, p. 53, 54.)
S. 201 Note 31 "Where the quantity of wages, capital, and land,
required to produce an article, have become different from what
they where, that which Adam Smith calls the natural price of it,
is also different, and that price which was previously its natu-
ral price, becomes, with reference to this alteration, its marke-
teprice; because, though neither the aupply, nor the quantity
wanted rnay have changed" (... ) "that supply is not now exactly
enough tot those persons who are able and willing to pay what in
now the cost of production, but is either greater or less than
that; so that the proportion between the supply, and what is,
with reference to the new cost of production, the effectual de-
mand, is different from what it was. An alteration in the rate of
supply will then take place if there is no obstacle in the way of
it, and at last bring the commodity to its new natural price. It
may then seem good to some per sons to say that, as the commodity
gets to its natural price by an alteration in its supply, the na-
tural price is as much owing to one proportion between the demand
and the supply, as the market-price is to another, and conse-
quently, that the natural price, just as much as the market-
price, depends on the proportion that demand and supply bear to
each other. ('The great principle of demand and supply is called
into action to determine what A. Smith calls natural price...
well as marketprices.' - Malthus. [31])" ("Observatione on cer-
tain verbal disputes etc.", London 1821, p. 60, 61.)
S. 204 Note 32 "If each man of a class could never have more than
a given share, or aliquot part of the gains and possessions of
the whole, he would readily combine to raise the gains" (...):
"this is monopoly. But where each man thinks that he may any way
increase
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the absolute amount of his own share, though by a process which
lessens the whole amount, he will often do it: this is competi-
tion." ("An Inquiry into those principles respecting the nature
of demand etc.", London 1821, p. 105).
S. 234 Note 35 "We should also expect that, however the rate of
the profits of stock might diminish in consequence of the accumu-
lation of capital on the land, and the rise of wages, yet the Ag-
gregate amount of profits would increase. Thus, supposing that,
with repeated accumulations of 100.000 pound, the rate of Profits
should fall from 20 to 19, to 18, to 17 per cent., a constantly
diminishing rate; we should expect that the whole amount of pro-
fits received by those auccessive owners of capital would be al-
ways progressive; that it would be greater when the capital was
200 000 pound than when 100 000 pound; still greater when 300 000
pound; and so on, increasing, though at a diminishing rate, with
every increase of capital. This progression, however, is only
true for a certain time; thus, 19 per cent. on 200 000 is more
than 20 en 100 000 pound; again 18 per cent on 300 000 pound as
more than 19 per cent on 200 000 pound , but after capital has
accumulated to a large amount, and profits have fallen, the fur-
ther accumulation diminishes the aggregate of profits. Thus, sup-
pose the accumulation should be 1 000 000 pound, and the profits
7 per cent., the whole amount of profits will be 70 000 pound;
now if a addition of 1 00 000 pound capital be made to the mil-
lion, and profits should fall to 6 per cent., 66 000 poundor a
diminution of 4000 pound will be received by the owners of stock,
although the whole amount of stock will be increase from
1 000 000 to 1 100 000 pound." Ricardo, "Pol. Econ.", chapt. VII
("Works", ed. McCulloch, 1852, p. 68, 69).
S. 248 Note 36 "They contend the equality of profits will be
brought about by the general rise of Note profits; and I am of
opinion that the profits of the favoured trade will speedily sub-
mit to the general level." ([Ricardo, "Pol. Econ.",] "Works", ed.
MacCulloch, p. 73.)
S. 290 Note 36 "The transport of commodities from one place to
another." ([Ramsay,] "An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth". p.
19.)
"In the existing economical arrangements of society, the very
act, which is performed by the merchant, of standing between the
producer and the consumer, advancing to the former capital and
receiving products in return, and handing over these products to
the latter, receiving back capital in return, is a transaction,
which both facilitates the economical process of the community,
and adds value to the products in relation to which it is perfor-
med." (]S. P. Newman, "Elements of Pol. Ec." (Andover and New
York 1835] p. 174.)
... "since it adds value to products, for the same products, in
the hands of consumers, are worth more than in the hands of pro-
ducers" (...) "strictly [...] an act of production." (p. 175.)
S. 318 f. Note 40 "Profit, on the general principle, is always
the same, whatever be price; keeping its place like an incumbent
body en the sweiling or sinking trade 1*). As, therefore, prices
rise, a tradesman raises prices; as prices fall, a tradesman lo-
wers price." (Corbet, "An Inquiry into the Causes etc. of the
Wealth of Individuals". London 1841, p. 20.)
"The profit of trade is a value added to capital which is inde-
pendent of price.
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1*) Bei Corbet: tide
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the second" (speculation) "is founded on the Variation in the va-
lue of capital or in price itself." (l.c.p. 128.)
S. 329 f. Note 43 "The Wisselbank heeft haren naam niet... van
den wissel, wisselbrief, maar van wisselen van geldspecien. Lang
vóór het oprigten der Amsterdamsche wisselbank in 1609 had men in
de Nederlandsche koopsteden reeds wisselaars en wisselhuizen,
zelfs wisselbanken... Het bedrijf dezer wisselaars bestond daa-
rin, dat zie de talrijke verscheidene muntspecien, die door
vreemde handelaren in het land gebragt worden, tegen wettelijk
gangbare munt inwisselden. Langzamerhand breidde hun werkkring
zich uit... zij werden de kassiers en bankiers van hunne tiid.
Maar in die vereeniging van de kassierderij met het wisselambt
zach de regering van Amsterdam gevaar, en om dit gevaar te kee-
ren, werd besloten tot het stichten eener groote inrigting, die
zoo wel het wisselen als de kassierderii op openbaar gezag zou
verrigten. Die inrigting was de beroemde Amsterdamsche Wisselbank
van 1609. Evenzoo hebben de wisselbanken van Venetie, Genua,
Stockholm, Harnburg haar ontstaan aan de gedurige noodzakelijk-
heid der verwisseling van geldspecien te danken gehad. Van deze
allen is de Hamburgsche de eenige die nog heden bestaat, c)rn dat
de behoefte aar, zulk eene inrigting zich in deze koopstad, die
geen eigen muntstelsel heeft, nog altiid doet gevoelen etc." (S.
Vissering, "Handboek van Praktische Staathuishoudkunde". Amster-
dam 1860. I, p. 247, 248.)
S. 351 Note 54 "You" (the Bank of England) "are very large
dealers in the mmodity of capital?" ("Report on Bank Acts", H. of
C. 1857, [p. 104].)
S. 364 Note 57 "The equitableness of taking interest depends not
upon a man's mng or not making profit, but upon its" (...) "being
capable of producing profit, if rightly employed." ("An Essay on
the Governing Causes of the Natural Rate of Interest, wherein the
sentiments of Sir W. Petty and Mr. Locke, on that head, are con-
sidered", London 1750, p. 49. Verfasser der anonymen Schrift: J.
Massie.)
S. 365 Note 58 "Rich people, instead of employing their money
themselves... let it out to other people for them to make profit
of, reserving for the owners a proportion of the profits so
made." (l.c.p. 23, 24.)
S. 367 Note 60 "The ambiguity of the term value of money or of
the curtency, when employed indiscrminately as it is, to signify
both value in exchange for commodities and value in use of capi-
tal, is a constant source of confusion." (Tooke, "inquiry into
the Currency Principle", p. 77.)
S. 371 Note 61"The natural rate of interest is governed by the
profits of trade to particulars." (Massie, l.c.p. 51.)
S. 373 Note 64 ... "by the accumulation of surplus capital neces-
sarily accompanying the scarcity of profitable employment for it
in previous years, by the release of hoards, and by the revival
of confidence in commercial prospects." ("History of Prices from
1839 to 1847". London 1848, p. 54.)
S. 373 Note 65 "An old customer of a banker was refused a loan
upon a 200 000 pound bond; when about to leave to make known his
suspension of payment, he was told there was no neceasity for the
step, under the circumstances the banker would buy the bond at
150 000." ([H. Roy,] "The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank Char-
ter Act of 1844 etc." London 1864, p. 80.)
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S. 376 Note 68 "By which, gambling in discounts, by anticipation
of the alterations in the bank rate, has now become half the
trade of the great heads of the money centre." ([H. Roy,] "The
Theory of the Exchanges etc.", p. 113.)
S. 377 f. Note 70 "This rule of dividing profits is not, however,
to be applied particularly to every lender and borrower, but to
lenders and borrowers in general... remarkably great and small
gains are the reward of skill and the want of understanding,
which lenders have nothing at all to do with; for as they will
not suffer by the one, they ought nt to benefit by the other.
What has been said of particular men in the same business is ap-
plicable to particulat sorts of business; if the merchants and
tradesmen employed in any one branch of trade get more by what
they borrow than the common profits made by other merchants and
tradesmen of the same country, the extraordinary gain is theirs,
though it required only common skill and understanding to get it;
and not the lenders', who supplied them with money... for the
lenders would not have lent their money to carry on any business
or trade upon lower terms than would admit of paying so much as
the common rate of interest: and, therefore, they ought not to
receive more than that, whatever advantage may be made by their
money." (Massie, l.c.p. 50, 51.)
S. 378 Note 71
Bank rate 5 p.c.
Market rate of disct., 60 days' drafts 3 5/8 p.c.
Do. do. 3 months 3 1/2 p.c.
Do. do. 6 months 3 5/16 p.c.
Loans to bill-brokers, day to day 1 to 2 p.c.
Do. do. for one week 3 p.c.
Last rate for fortnight, loans to stockbrokers 4 3/4 to 5 p.c.
Deposit allowance (banks) 3 1/2 p.c.
Do. do. (discount houses) 3 to 3 1/2 p.c.
("Daily News", vom 10. Dez. 1889.)
S. 393 Note 72 "The profits of enterprise depend upon the net
profits of capital, not the latter upon the former." (Ramsay,
l.c.p. 214. Net profits bei Ramsey immer = Zins.)
S. 397 Note 73 "Superintendence is here" (...) completely dispen-
sed with." (J. E. Cairnes, "The Slave Power". London 1862, p. 48,
49.)
S. 397 Note 74 "If the nature of the work requires that the work-
men" (...) "should he disper over an extended area, the number of
overseers and, therefore, the cost of the labour which requires
this aupervizion, will be proportionately increased." (Cairnes,
l.c.p. 44.)
S. 402 f. Note 78 "Masters are labourers as well as their jour-
neymen. In this character their interest is precisely the same as
that of their men. But they are also either capitalists, or the
agents of capitalists, and in this respect their interest is de-
cidedly opposed to the interest of the workmen." (p. 27.)
"The wide spread of education among the journeymen mechanics of
this country diminishes daily the value of the labour and skill
of almost all masters and einployers by increasing the number of
persons who possess their peculiar knowledge." (p. 30. Hodgskin,
"Labour defended against the s of Capital etc.", London 1825.)
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S. 403 Note 79 "The general relaxation of conventional barriers,
the increased facilities of education tend to bring down the wa-
ges of skilled labour instead of raising those of the unskilled.
(J. St. Mill, "Princ. of Pol. Econ.", 2nd ed., London 1849, I, p.
479.)
S. 412 Note 82 "It is clear, that no labour, no productive power,
no ingenuity, and no art, can answer the overwhelming dernands of
compound interest. But all saving is made from the revenue of the
capitalist, so that actually these demands are constantly made
and as constantly the productive power of labour refuses to sa-
tisfy them. A sort of balance is, therefore, constantly struck."
("Labour defended against the Claims of Capital", p. 23. - Von
Hodgskin.)
S. 464 f. Note 90 "It is a great error, indeed, to imagine that
the demand for pecuniary acconunodation (i.e. for the loan of ca-
pital) is identical with a demand for additional means of circu-
lation, or even that the two are frequently associated. Each de-
mand originates in circumstances peculiarly affecting itself, and
very distinct from each other. It is when everything looks pro-
sperous, when wages are high, prices on the rise, and factories
busy, that an additional supply of c u r r e n c y is usually
required to perform the additional functions inseparable from the
necessity of making larger and more nurnetous payments; whereas
it is chiefly in a more advanced stage of the commercial cycle,
when difficulties begin to present themselves, when markets are
overstocked, and returns delayed, that interest rises, and a
pressure comes upon the Bank for advances of c a p i t a l. It
is true that there is no medium through which the Bank is accu-
stomed to advance capital except that of its promissory notes;
and that, to refuse the notes, therefore, is to refuse the accom-
modation. But, the accommodation once granted, everything adjusts
itself in conformity with the necessities of the market, the loan
remains, and the currency, if not wanted, finds its way lack to
the issuer. Accordingly, a very slight examination of the Parlia-
mentary Returns may convince any one, that the securities in the
hand of the Bank of England fluctuate more frequently in an oppo-
site direction to its circulation than in concert with it, and
that the example therefore, of that great establishment furnishes
no exception to the doctrine so strongly pres by the country ban-
kers, to the effect that no bank can enlarge its circulation, if
that circulation be already adequate to the purposes to which a
banknote currency is commonly applied; but that every addition to
its advances, after that limit is passed, must be made from its
capital, and supplied by the sale of some of its securities in
reserve, ot by abstinence from further investment in such securi-
ties. The table compiled from the Parliamentary Returns for the
interval between 1833 and 1840, to which I have referred in a
preceding page, furnishes continued examples of this truth; but
two of these are so remarkable that it will be quite unnecessary
for me to go beyond them. On the 3rd January, 1837, when the re-
sources of the Bank were strained to the uttermost to sustain
credit and meet the difficulties of the money rnarket, we find
its advances on loan and discount carried to the enorinous sum of
pound 17 022 000, an amount scarcely known since the war, and al-
most equal to the entire Aggregate issues, which, in the mean-
while, remain unmoved at so low a point as pound 17 076 000! On
the other hand, we have, on the 4th of June 1833 a circulation of
pound 18 892 000 with a return of private securities in hand, ne-
arly, if not the very lowest on record for the last half-century,
amounting to no more than pound 972 000!" (Fullarton, l.c.p. 97,
98.)
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Zweiter Teil
S. 632 Note 28 "Rrien qu'à appliquer à des terres déjà transfor-
mées en moyen de production de secondes mises de capital on aug-
mente la terre-capital sans rien ajouter à la terrematière,
c'est-à dire à l'étendue de la terre... La terre-capital n'est
pas plus éternelle que tout autre capital... La terre-capital est
un capital fixe, mais le capital fim s'use aussi bien que les ca-
pitaux circulants." ["Misère de la Philosophie, p. 165.]
S. 834 Note 50 "Wages, Profit, and rent are the three original
sources of all revenue, as well as of all exchangeable value."
(A. Smith [122].)
"C'est ainsi que les causes de la production materielle sont en
même temps les sources des revenus primitifs qui existent."
(Storch, I, p. 259.)
S. 849 Note 51 "Of net produce and gross produce, Mr. Say speaks
as follows: 'The whole value produced is the gross produce; this
value, after deducting from it the cost of production, is the net
produce.' (Vol. II, p. 491.) There can, then, be no net produce,
because the cost of production, according to Mr. Say, consists of
rent, wages, and profits. In page 508, he says: 'the value of a
product, the value of a productive service, the value of the cost
of production, are all, then, similar values, whenever things are
left to their natural course.' Take a whole from a whole and
nothing remains. (Ricardo, "Principles", chap. XXXII, p. 512,
Note.)
S. 850 Note 52 "In every society the price of every commodity fi-
nally resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those
three parts" (viz. wages, profits, rent)... "A fourth part, it
may perhaps he thought, is necessary for replacing the stock of
the farmer, or for compensating the wear and tear of his labou-
ring cattle, and other instruments of husbandry. But it must be
considered that the price of any instrument of husbandry, such as
a labouring herse, is itself made up of the same three parts: the
rent of the land upon which he is reared, the labour of tending
and rearing him, and the profits of the farmer, who advances both
the rent of hin land, and the wages of bis labour. Though the
price of the corn, therefore, may pay the price as well as the
maintenance of the horse, the whole price still resolves itself
either immediately or ultimately into the same three parts of
rent, labour. (soll heißen wages) "and profit." (A. Smith. [123])
S. 851 Note 53 "... profits du capital,... anéantirait la possi-
bilité même de l'industrie. Si le travailleur est forcé de payer
100 la chose pour laquelle il n'a recu que 80, si le salaire ne
peut racheter dans un produit que la valeur qu'i1 y a mise,
autant vaudrait dire que le travailleut ne peut rien racheter,
que le salaire ne peut rien payer. En effet, dans le prix-de-re-
vient il y a toujours quelque chose de plus que le salaite de
l'ouvrier, et dans le prix-de-vente, quelque chose de plus que le
profit de l'entrepreneur par exemple, le prix de la matire pre-
mière, souvent payé à l'étranger... Proudhon a oublié
l'accroissement continuel du'capital national; il a oublié que
cet accroissement se constate pour tous les travalleurs, ceux de
l'entreprise comme ceux de la main-d'oeuvre." ("Revue des deux
Mondes", 1848, t. 24, p. 998, 999.)
S. 854 f. "Le capital circulant employd en matériaux, matires
premières et ouvrage fait, se Note 54 compose lui-mame de mar-
chandises dont le prix nécessaire est for des mames élements; de
sorte qu'en considérant la totalité des marchandises dans un
pays, il
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y aurait double emploi de ranger cette portion du capital circu-
lant parmi leg éléments du prix nécessaire. (Storch, "Cours d'Éc.
Pol.", II, p. 140.)
"Il est vrai que le salaire de l'ouvrier, de même que cette par-
tie du Profit de l'entrepreneur qui consiste en salaires, si on
les considère comme une portion des subsistances, se composent
également de marchandises achetées au prix courant, et qui com-
prennent de même salaires, rentes des capitaux, rentes foncières
et profits d'entrepreneurs,... cette observation ne sert qu'à
prouver quil est impossible de résoudre le prix nécessaire dans
ses éléments les plus simples." (ib., Note.)
"Il est clair que la valeur du produit annuel se distribue partie
en capitaux et partie en profits, et que chacune de ces portions
de la valeur du produit annuel va régulièrement acheter les pro-
duits dont la nation a besoin, tant pour entretenir son capital
que pour renouveler son fonds consommable. (p. 134, 135.)
... "Peut-elle" (...) "habiter ses granges ou ses étables, manger
ses semailles et fourrages, s'habiller de ses bestiaux de labour,
se divestir de ses instruments aratoires? D'après la the de M.
Say il faudrait affirmer toutes ces questions." (135, 136.)
... "Sil' on admet que le revenu d'une nation est egal à son pro-
duit brut, c. à d. qu'il n'y a point de capital à en déduire, il
faut aussi admettre qu'elle peut dépenser improductivement la va-
leur entlre de son produit annuel sans faire le moindre
tort à son revenu futur." (p. 147.)
"Les produits qui constituent le capital d'une nation ne sont
point consommables." (p. 150.)
S. 861 Note 56 "It will be sufficient to remark that the same ge-
neral rule which regulates the value of raw produce and manufac-
tured commodities, is applicable also to the metals; their value
depending not on the rate of profits, nor on the rate of wages,
nor on the rent paid for mines, but on the total quantity of la-
bour necessary to obtain the inetal, and to bring it to market."
(Ricardo, "Princ.", chap. III, p. 77.)
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