Quelle: MEW 26.3 Theorien über den Mehrwert - Dritter Teil
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Anhang und Register
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#531#
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Fremdsprachige Zitate
Die fremdsprachigen Zitate, die im Text in deutscher Übersetzung
gebracht wurden, werden hier nach der Marxschen Handschrift wie-
dergegeben. Das betrifft auch solche Zitate, die Marx nicht voll-
ständig ins Deutsche übersetzt hat. Unterstreichungen werden wie
im Haupttext durch Kursivschrift, Doppelunterstreichungen durch
gesperrte Kursivschrift hervorgehoben. Offensichtliche Schreib-
fehler werden stillschweigend korrigiert. Wesentliche Abweichun-
gen gegenüber dem Original sind in Fußnoten vermerkt.
Neunzehntes Kapitel
7 "A. Smith was evidently led into this trein of argument, from
his habit of considering labour" (...) "as fhe standard measure
of value, and corn as the measure of labour ... That neither la-
bour nor any other commodity can be an accurate measure of real
value in exchange, is now considered as one of the most incontro-
vertible doctrines of political economy; and indeed follows, from
the very definition of value in exchange." (Malthus,
"Observations on the Effects of the Corn Laws..." [p. 12].)
9 "Interchange of commodities and Distribution (Wages, Rent, Pro-
fit) must be kept distinct from each other ... the laws of dis-
tribution are not altogether dependent upon those relating to in-
terchange." ([Malthus, "Definitions in Political Economy..." by
John Cazenove, London 1853] Preface, p. VI, VII.)
10 "In demselben Land, zur selben Zeit [wird] der Tauschwert der
Waren, die sich in labour und profits allein auflösen, exakt ge-
messen durch die Quantität Arbeit, resultierend von der accumula-
ted and immediate labour actually worked up in them plus the va-
rying amount of the profits on all the advances estimated in la-
bour. But this must necessarily be the same as the quantity of
labour which they will command". ([Malthus], "The Measure of Va-
lue Stated and Illustrated", London 1823, p. 15, 16.)
10 "The labour which a commodity can command is a standard
measure of value." (l.c.p. 61.)
10 "I had nowhere" (...) "seen it stated, that the ordinary quan-
tity of labour which a commodity will command must represent and
measure the quantity of labour worked up in it, with the addition
of profits." ([Malthus], "Definit. in Pol. Ec. etc.", Lond. 1827,
p. 196)
11 "It is precisely because the labour which a commodity will or-
dinarily command measurea the labour actually worked up in it
with the addition of profits, that it is justificable to
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consider it"(...) "as a measure of value. If then the ordinary
value of a commodity be considered as determined by the natural
and neressary conditions of its supply, it is certain that the
labour which it will ordinarily command is alone the measure of
these conditions." ("Defin. in Pol. Ec." London 1827, p. 214.)
11 "Elementarg costs of production: an expression exactly equiva-
lent to the conditions of supply." (Edit. Gzenove. Lond. 1853,
I.c.p. 14.)
11 "Measure of the conditions of supply: the quantity of labour
for which the commodity will exchange, when it is in its natural
and ordinary state." (Edit. Caze[nove], l.c.p. 14.)
11 "The quantity of labour which a commodity commands represents
exactly the quantity of labour worked up in it, with the profits
upon the advances, and does therefore really represent and
measure those natural and necessary conditions of the supply,
those elementary costs of production which determine value." (ed.
Caz[enove], l.c.p. 125.)
11 "The demand for a commodity, though not proportioned to the
quantitg of any other commodity which the purchaser is willing
and able to give for it, is really proportioned to the quantity
of labour which he will give for it; any for this reason: the
quantity of labour which a commodity will ordinarily command, re-
presents exactly the effectual demand for it; because it repre-
sents exactly that quantity of labour and profits united neces-
sarg to effect its supply; while the actual quantity of labour
which a commodity will command when it differs from the ordinary
quantity, represents the excess or defect of demand arising from
temporary causes." (ed. Caz[enove], l.c.p. 135.)
17 "Whatever may be the number of intermediate acts of barter
which may take place in regard to commodities - whether the pro-
ducers send them to China, or sell them in the place wLere they
are produced: the question as to an adequate market for them, de-
pends exclusively upon whether the producers can replace their
capitals with ordinary profits, so as to enable them successfally
to go on with their business. But what are their capitals) They
are, as A. Smith states, the tools to work with, the materials to
work upon, and the means of commanding the necessary quantity of
labour." [p. 70.]
17 "Effectual demand consists in the power and inclination, on
the part of consumers" {...}, "to give for commodities, either by
immediate or circuitous barter, some greater portion 1*) of all
the ingredients of capital than their production costs."
("Defin.", ed Caz[enove], p. 70, 71.)
18 "Profit does not depend upon the proportion in which commodi-
ties are exchanged with each other" {...}. "seeing that the same
proportion may be maintained under every variety of profit, but
upon the proportion which goes to wages, or is required to cover
the prime cost, and which is in all cases determined by the de-
gree in which the sacrifice male by the purchaser, or the la-
bour's worth which he gives, in order to acquire a commodity, ex-
ceeds that made by the prodacer, in order to bring it to market."
(Cazenove, l.c.p. 46.)
19 "Any given quantity of labour must be of the same volue as the
wages which command it, or for which it actually exchanges."
("The Measure of Value stated and illustrated", Lond. 1823, p.
5.)
20 "...the value of labour is constant". ("The Measure of Value
etc.", p. 29, Note.)
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1*) In der Handschrift: proportion
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21 "Des quantités égales de travail doivent nécessairement, dans
tous les tems et dans tous les lieux, être d'une veleur égale
pour celui qui travaille. Dans son état habituel de santé, de
force et d'activité, et d'après le degré ordinaire d'habileté ou
de dextérité qu'il peut avoir, il faut toujours qu'il donne la
même portion de son repos, de sa liberté, de son bonheur. Quelle
que soit la quantité de denrées qu'il reçoive en récompense de
son travail, le prix qu il paie est toujours le même. Ce prix, à
la vérité, peut acheter tantôt une plus grande. tantôt une plus
petite quentité de ces denrées; mais c'est la valeur de celles-ci
qui varie, et non celle du travail qui les achète. En tous tems
et en tous lieux, ce qui est difficile à obtenir, ou ce qui coûte
besucoup de travail à acquérir, est cher; et ce qu'on peut se
procurer aisément ou avec peu de travail est a bon marché. Ainsi
le travail, ne variant jamais dans sa valeur propre, est la seule
mesure réelle et définitive qui puisse servir, dans taus les tems
et dans tous les lieux, à apprécier et à comparer la valeur des
tautes les marchandises." (A. Smith, l. I, ch. V, éd. Garn[ier],
t. I. p. 65, 66.)
21 "La valeur réelle de toutes les différentes parties consti-
tuantes du prix se mesure par la quantité de travail que chacune
d'elles peut acheter ou commander. Le travail mesure la valeur,
non-seulement de cette partie du prix qui se résout en travail,
mais encore de celle qui se résout en rente, et de celle qui se
résout en profit." (l. I, ch. VI, éd. G[arnier], t. I, p. 100.)
21 "Steigt die Nachfrage nach Arbeit, so die greater earnings of
the labourer caused not by a rise in the value of labour, but by
a fall in the value of the produce for which the labour was
exchanged. Und im case der abundance der Arbeit, the small ear-
nings of the labourer caused by in a rise in the value of the
produce and not by a fall in the value of labour." ("The Measure
of Value etc.", p. 35), (cf. p. 33-35).
21 "In the same way any articie might be proved to be of inva-
riable velue; f.i., 10 yards of cloth. For whether we gave £ 5 or
£ 10 for the 10 yards, the sum given would always be equal in va-
lue to the cloth for which it was paid, or, in other words, of
invariable value in relation to cloth. But that which is given
for a thing of invariable value, must itself be invariable,
whence the 10 yards of cloth must be of invariable value... It is
just the same kind of futility to call wages invariable in value,
because though variable in quantity they command the same portion
of labour, as to call the sum given for a hat, of invariable va-
lue, because, although sometimes more and sometimes less, it al-
ways purchases the hat." ([Bailey] "A Critical Dissertation on
the Nature, Measures, and Causes of Value etc.", London 1825, p.
145, 146, 147.)
22 "A large class of commodities, wie raw products, steigen, im
progress der society, verglichen mit Arbeit, während die manufac-
tured articles fall. So nicht far from truth to say, daß die
average mass of commodities, which a given quantity of labour
will command in the same country, during the course of some cen-
tury, may not very essentailly vary." ( Definitions etc.", London
1827, p. 206.)
22 "If the money wages of labour universally rise, the value of
money proportionably falls; and when the value of money falls...
the prices of goods always rise." ("Dehn.", l.c.p. 34.)
23 "It is observed by A. Smith that corn is an annual crop, but-
chers' meat a crop which requires 4 or 5 years to grow; and con-
sequently, if we compare two quantities of corn and meat which
are of equal exchangeable value, it is certain thet a difference
of 3 or 4 additional years profit at 15% upon the capital em-
ployed in the production of the beef
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would, exclusively of any other considerations, make up in value
for a much smaller quantity ¦¦762¦ of labour, and thus we might
have 2 commodities of the same exchangeable value, while the ac-
cumulated and immediate labour of the one was 40 or 50% less tban
tbet of the other. This is an event of daily occurence in refe-
rence to a vast mass of the most important commodities in the
country; and if profits were to fall from 15% to 8% the value of
the beef compared with corn would fall above 20%." ("The Measure
of Value stated etc." p. 10, 11.)
24 "Labour is not the only element worked up in capital."
("Defin.", edit. Caz[enove], p. 29)
24 "What are the costs of production? ... the quantity of labour
in kind required to be worked up in the commodity, and in the
tools and materials consumed in its production utith such an ad-
ditional quantity as is equivalent to the ordinary profits upon
the advances for the time that they have been advanced." (l.c.p.
74, 75.)
24 "On the same ground Mr. Mill is quite incorrect, in calling
the capital hoarded labour. It may, perhaps, be called hoarded
labour and profits; but certainly not hoarded labour alone,
unless we determine to call profits labour." (l.c.p. 60, 61.)
24 "To ssy that the value of commodities are regulated or deter-
mined by the quantity of labour and capital necessary to produce
them, is essentially false. To say, that they are regulated by
the quantity of labour and profits necessary to produce them, is
essentially true." (l.c.p. 129.)
24 "The expression Labour and Profits is liable to this obiec-
tion, that the two are not correlative terms, labour being an
agent and profits a result; the one a cause, the other a conse-
quence. On this account Mr. Senior has substituted for it the ex-
pression: 'Labour and Abstinence'... It must be acknowledged, in-
deed, that it is not the abstinence, but the use of the capital
productively, which is the cause of profits." (p. 130, Note.)
25 "He who converts his revenue into capital, abstains from the
enjoyment which its expenditure would afford him."
25 ... "Behauptung, daß, wie die value of wages rises profits
proportionably fall and vice versa, nur wahr unter der Vorausset-
zung, daß Waren, worin dasselbe Arbeitsquantum aufgearbeitet,
stets von demselben Wert sind, und dies wahr in 1 Fall von 500,
und zwar notwendig, weil im Fortschritt der Zivilisation und im-
provement stets die quantity of fixed capital employed wächst und
mehr various und unequal macht die times of the returns of the
circulating capital." ("Defin.", London 1827, p. 31, 32.)
25 "Der natural state of things" (...) "in the progress of civi-
lisation and improvement, tends continually to increase the quan-
tity of fixed capital employed, and to render more various and
unequal the times of the returns of the circulating capital."
(ed. Caz[enove], p. 53, 54.)
25 "Mr. Ricardo himself admits of considerable exceptions to his
rule; but if we examine the classes which come under his excepti-
ons, that is, where the quantities of fixed capital employed are
different and of different degrees of duration, and where the pe-
riods of the returns of the circulated capital employed are not
the same, we shall find, that they are so numerous, that the rule
may be considered as the exeption, and the exception the rule."
(p.50.)
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25 "The estimation in which a commodity is held, founded upon its
cost to the purchaser or the sacrifice which he must make in or-
der to acquire it, which sacrifice is measured by the quentity of
labour that he gives in exchange for it, or what coma to the same
thing, by the labour which it will command." ("Defin.", edit.
Caz[enove], p. 8, 9.)
26 "Mr. Ricardo has, with A. Smith, adopted labour as the true
standard of cost; but he has applied it to producing cost only
... it is equally applicable as a measure of cost to the
purchaser." (l.c.p. 56, 57.)
27 "Allowing that the first commodities, if completed and brought
into use immediately, might be the result of pure labour, and
that their value [would] therefore be determind by the quantity
of that labour; yet it is quite impossible that such commodities
should be employed as capital to assist in the production of
other commodities, without the capitalist king deprived of the
use of this advances for a certain period, and requiring a remu-
neration in the shape of profits. In the early periods of so-
ciety, on account of the comperative scarcity of these advances
of labour, this remuneration would be high, and would affect the
value of such commodities to a considerable degree, owing to the
high rate of profits. In the more advanced stages of society, the
value of capital and commodities is largely affected by profits,
on acconnt of the greatly increased quantity of fixed capital em-
ployed, and the greater length of time for which much of the cir-
culating capital is advanced before the capitalist is repaid by
the returns. In both cases, the rate at which commodities
exchange with each other, is [essentially] affected by the va-
rying amount of profits." ("Definit.", edit. Caz[enove], p. 60.)
28 "No writer that I have met with, anterior to Mr. Ricardo, ever
used the term wages, or real wages, as implying proportions."
(...) "Profits, indeed, imply proportions; and the rate of pro-
fits had always justly been estimated by a percentage upon the
value of advances." (...) "But wages had uniformly been conside-
red as rising or falling, not according to any proportion which
they might bear to the whole produce obtained by a certain quan-
tity of labour, but by the greater or smaller quantity of any
particular produce received by the labourer, or by the greater or
smaller power which such produce would convey, of commanding the
necessaries and conveniencies of life." ("Defin.", Lond. 1827, p.
29, 30.)
28 "Profit of capital" (...) "consists of the difference between
the value of the capital advanced, and the value of the commodity
when sold or used." ("Def. in Polit. Ec.", London 1827, p. 240,
241.)
29 "Revenue is expended with a view to immediate support and en-
joyment, and capital is expended with a view to profit."
("Defin.", Lond. 1827, p. 86.)
29 A labourer and a menial servant are "two instruments used for
purposes distinctly different, one to assist in obraining wealth,
the other to assist in consuming it." (l.c.p. 94.)
29 "The only productive consumption, properly so called, ist the
consumption and destruction of wealth by capitalists with a view
to reproduction... The workman whom the capitalist employs cer-
tainly consumes that part of his wages which he does not save, as
revenue, with a view to subsistence and enjoyment; and not as ca-
pital, with a view to production. He is a productive consumer to
the person who employs him, and to the state, but not, strictly
speating to himself." ("Defin.", ed. Caz[enove], p. 30.)
29 "No political economist of the present day can be saving mean
mere hoarding; and beyond this contracted and inefficient procee-
ding, no use of the term in reference to the
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national wealth can well be imagined, but that which must arise
from a different application of what is saved, founded upon a
real distinction between the different kinds of labour maintained
by it." ("Princ. of Pol. Ec.", p. 38, 39.)
29 "Accumulation of Capital. The empioyment of a portion of reve-
nue as capital. Capital may therefore increase without an in-
crease of stock or wealth." ("Defin.", ed. Caz[enove], p. 11.)
29 "Prudential habits with regard to marriege carried to a consi-
detable extent, among the labouring classes of a country mainly
depending upon manufactutes and commerce, might injure it." ("P.
of Pol. Ec.". p. 215)
30 "It is the want of necessaries which mainly stimulates the la-
bouting classes to produce luxuries; and wete this stimulus remo-
ved ot greatly weakened, so that the necessaries of life could be
obtained with very little labour, instead of more time being de-
voted to the production of conveniences, there is every reason to
think that less time would be so devoted." ("P.o.P.E.", p. 334.)
30 "From the nature of a population, and increase of labourers
cannot be brought into the market, in consequence of a particular
demand, till after the lapse of 16 or 18 years, and the conver-
sion of revenue into capital by saving, may take place much more
rapidly; a country is always liable to an increase in the quan-
tity of the funds for the maintenance of labour faster than the
increase of population." (l.c.p. 319. 320.)
30 "When capital is employed in advancing to the workman his wa-
ges, it adds nothing to the funds for the maintenance of labour,
but simply consists in the application of a certain portion of
those funds already in existance, for the purposes of produc-
tion." ("Def. in P. Ec.", p. 22, Note.)
30 "Accumulated labour" (...): "the labour worked up in the raw
materials and tools spplied to the production of other commodi-
ties." ("Def. in P. Ec.", ed. Caz[enove], p. 13.)
30 "[In speaking of] the labour worked up in commodities, the la-
bour worked up in the capital necessary to their production
should be designated by the term accumulated labour, as contra-
distinguished from the immediate labour employed by the last ca-
pitalist." (l.c.p. 28, 29.)
31 "100 l. expended in immediate labour. Die returns am Ende des
Jahres 110, 120 oder 130 l. it is evident that in each case the
profit will be determined by the proportion of the value of the
whole produce which is required to pay the labour employed. If
the value of the produce in market = 110, the proportion required
to pay the labourers = I0/11 der value des produce, and profits =
10%. Ist der Wert des Produkts 120, die Proportion für labour =
10/12 und die profits 20%; wenn 130, die proportion required to
pay the labour advanced = 10/13 und profits = 30%. Nun gesetzt,
die advances des capitalist bestehn nicht allein aus labour. Der
Kapitalist erwartet gleichen Vorteil auf alle Teile des Kapitals.
die er vorstreckt. Gesetzt, 1/4 der advances für labour
(immediate); 3/4 bestehen aus accumulated labout und profits, mit
any additions which may arise von rents, taxes und andern out-
goings. Dann strictly true that the profits of the capitalist
will vary with the varying values dieses 1/4 seines produce com-
pared with the quantity of labour employed. Z.B. farmer wende in
der cultivation an £ 2000, davon 1500 in seed, keep of horses,
wear and tear of his fixed capital, interest upon this fixed and
circulating capitals, rents, tithes, taxes etc. und £ 500 auf im-
mediate labour und die returns am Ende des Jahres seien
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2400. Seine profits, 400 auf 2000 = 20 per cent. Und gleich ob-
vious tbet if we took 1/4, of the value of the produce, nämlich £
600, und compared it with the amount paid in the wages of imme-
diate labour, the result would show exactly the same rate of pro-
fits." (p. 267, 268.)
34 "Giving more produce for a given quantity of labour, or get-
ting more labour for a given quantity of produce, are one and the
same thing in his" (...) "'view'; instead of being, as one would
have supposed, just the contrary." ("Observations on certain ver-
bal disputes in Po. Ec., particalarly relating to value and to
demand and supply", London 1821, p. 52.)
34 "Mr. Malthus says: 'In the same place,and at the same time,
the different quantities of daylabour, which different commodi-
ties can command, will be exactly in proportion to their relative
values in exchange', and vice versa. If this is true of labour,
it is just as true of any thing else." (l.c.p. 49.)
34 "Money does very well as a measure at the same time and
place... But it" (...) "seems not to be true of labour. Labour is
not a measure even at the same time and place. Take a portion of
corn, such as is at the same time and place said to be of equal
value with a given diamond; will the corn and the dismond, paid
in specie, command equal portions of labour? It may be said, No;
but the diamond will buy money, which will command an equal por-
tion of labour ... the test is of no use, for it cannot be ap-
plied without being rectihed by the application of the other
test, which is professed to supersede. We can only infer, that
the corn and the diamond will command equal quantities of labour,
because they are of equal value, in money. But we were told to
infer, that two things were of equal value, because they would
command equal quantities of labour." (l.c.p. 49, 50.)
48 "Necessity of a Union of the Powers of Production with the
means of distribution, in order to ensure a continued increase of
wealth." ([Malthus. "Principles of political economy...", London
1836] p. 361.)
48 "The powers of production alone sichern nicht the creation of
a proportionate degree of wealth. Something else nötig in order
to call these powers fully into action. This is an effectual and
unchecked demand for all that is produced. And what appears to
contribute most to the attainment of this object, is, such a dis-
tribution of produce, and such an adaption of this prodoce to the
wants of those who are to consume it, as constantly to increase
the exchangesble value of the whole mass." ("Pr. o. Pol. Ec.", p.
361).
48 "The wealth of a conntry depends partly upon the quantity of
produce obtained by its labour, and partly upon such an adaption
of this quantity to the wants and powers of the existing popula-
tion as is calculated to give it value. Nothing can be more cer-
tain than that it is not determined by either of them alone."
(l.c.p. 301 ) "But where wealth and value are perhaps the most
nearly connected, is in the necessity of the latter to the pro-
duction of the former. (l.c.)
48 "Value, then, essentially differs from riches, for value de-
pends not on abundance, but on the difficulty or facility of pro-
duction." ([Ricardo, "On the principles...", London 1821] p.
320.)
49 "Riches do not depend on value. A man is rich or poor, accor-
ding to the abundance of neressaries and luxuries which he can
command. It is through confounding the ideas of value and wealth,
or riches that it has been asserted, that by diminishing the
quantity of commodities, that is to say of the necessaries, con-
veniences, and enjoyments of human
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life, riches may be increased. If value were the measure of ri-
ches, this could not be denied, because by scarcity the value of
commodities is raised; but ... if riches consist in necessaries
and enjoyments, then they cannot be increasod by a diminution of
quantity." (l.c.p. 323, 324.)
49 "If we lived in one of Mr. Owen's parallelograms, and enloyed
all our productions in common, then no one could suffer in conse-
quence of abundance, but as long as society is constituted as it
now is, abundance will often be injurious to producers, and se-
curcity beneficial to them." ("On Protection to Agriculture", 4th
ed., Lond. 1822, p. 21.)
51 "The consumption and demand occasioned by the workmen employed
in productive labour can never alone furnish a motive to the ac-
cumulaiton and employment of capital." (P. of Pol. Ec.", p. 315.)
51 "No farmer will take the trouble of superintending the labour
of ten additional men merely because his whole produce will then
sell in the market at an advanced price just equal to what he had
paid his additional labourers. There must be something in the
previous state of the demand and supply of the commodity in que-
stion, or in its price, ante, cedent to and independent of the
demand occasioned by the new labourers, in order to warrant the
employment of an additional number of people in its production."
(l.c.p. 312.)
51 "The demand created by the productive labourer himeelf can ne-
ver be an adequate demand, ¦¦776¦ because it doss not go to the
fall extent of what he produces. If it did, there would be no
profit, consequently no motive to employ him. The very existence
of a profit upon any commodity presupposes a demand exterior to
that of the labour which has produced it." (l.c.p. 405, Note.)
52 "As a great increase of consumption among the working classes
must greatly increase the cost of production, it must lower pro-
fits, and diminish or destroy the motive to accumulate. (l.c.p.
405.)
52 "It is the want of necessaries which mainly stimulates the
working classes to produce luxuries: and were this stimulus remo-
ved or greatly weakened, so that the necessaries of life could be
obtained with very little labour, instead of more time being de-
voted to the production of conveniences, there is every reason to
think that less time would be so devoted." (l.c.p. 334.)
52 "Both labourers and capital may be redundant, compared with
the means of employing them profitably." (l.c.p. 414.)
52 "The demand is always determined by value, and supply by quan-
tity." ("P. o. Pol. Ec.", p. 316.)
52 "Supply must always be proportioned to quantity, and demand to
value." ( "Def. in Pol. Ec.", ed. Cazen[ove], p. 65.)
53 "'It is evident'says James Mill,'that whatever a man has pro-
duced, and does not wish to keep for his own consumption, is a
stock which he may give in exchange for other commodities. His
will, therefore, to purchase, and his means of purchasing, in
other words, his demand, is exactly equal to the amonnt of what
he has produced, and does not mean to consume' ... It is quite
obvious that his means of purchasing other commodities are not
proportioned of the quantity of his own commodity which he has
produced, and wishes to part with; but to its value in exchange;
and unless the value of a commodity
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in exchange be propottioned to its quantity, it cannot be true
that the demand and supply of every individual are always equal
to one another." (l.c.p. 64, 65.)
53 "If the demand of every individual were equal to his supply,
in the correct sense of the expression, it would be a proof that
he could always sell his commodity for the costs of production,
including fair profits; and then even a partial glut would be im-
possible. The argument proves too much ... supply must always be
proportioned to quantity, and demand to value." ("Def. in Pol.
Ec.", Lond. 1827, p. 48, Note.)
53 "Hier versteht Mill unter demand, his (des demanders) means of
purchasing. But these means of purchasing other commodities are
not proportioned to the quantity of his own commodity which he
has produced, and wishes to part with; but to its ualue in
exchange; and unless the valne of a commodity in exchange be pro-
portioned to its quantity, it cannot be true that the demand and
supply of every individual are always equal to one
another."(l.c.p. 48, 49.)
53 "Falsch, wenn Torrens sagt, 'that increased supply is the one
and only cause of increased effectual demand'. Wenn dies wäre,
wie schwach würde es sein für mankind to recover itself, under a
temporary diminution of food and clothing. Aber wenn food and
clothing in quantity verringert, steigen sie im Wert; the money-
price of the remaining food and clothing will for a time rise in
a greater degree than in the diminution of its quantity, while
the money-price of labour may remain the same. The necessary con-
sequence, the power of setting in motion a greater quentity of
productive industry than before. (p. 59, 60.)
53 "If we reckon the value of the fixed capital employed as a
part of the advances, we must reckon the remaining value of such
a capital at the end of the year as a part of the ananal re-
turns... in reality his" (...) "annual advances consist only of
his circulating capital, the wear and tear of his fixed capital
with the interest upon it, and the interest of that part of his
circulating capital which consists of the money employed in ma-
king his annual payments as they are called for." ("P. o. Pol.
Ec.", p. 269.)
54 "Considering, that an increased employment of capital will not
take place unless a rate of profits equal to the former rate, or
greater than it, can be ensured, and considering, that the mere
addition to capital does not of itself tend to ensure such a rate
of profits, but the reserve, Mr.Malthus, and those who reason in
the same manner as he does, proceed to look out for some source,
independent and extrinsic to production itself, whose progressive
increase may keep pace with the progressive increase of capital,
and from which continual additional supplies of the requisite
rate of profits may be derived." ("An Inquiry into those Princi-
ples, respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of Con-
sumption, lately advocated by Mr. Malthus etc.", London 1821, p.
33, 34.)
54 "Mr. Malthus sometimes talks as if there were two distinct
funds, capital and revenue, supply and demand, production and
consumption, which must take care to keep pace with each other,
and neither outrun the other. As if, besides the whole mass of
commodities produced, there war required another mass, fallen
from Heaven, I suppose, to purchase them with... The fund for
consumption, such as he requires, can only be had at the expense
of production." (l.c.p. 49, 50.)
55 "We are continually puzzled, in his" (...) "speculations, bet-
ween the object of increasing production and that of checking it.
When a man is in want of a demand, does Mr. Malthus
#540# Anhang und Register
-----
recommend him to pay some other person to take off his goods?
Probably not." (l.c.p. 55.)
55 "The object of selling your goods is to make a certain amount
of money; it never can answer to part with that amount of money
for nothing, to another person, that he may bring it back to you,
and buy your goods with it: you might as well have just burnt
your goods at once, and you would have been in the same situa-
tion." (l.c.p. 63.)
55 "As to the demand from labour; that is, either the giving la-
bour in exchange for goods, or... the giving, in exchange for
present complete products, a future and accrning addition of va-
lue... This is the real demand that it is material to the produ-
cers to get increased etc. (l.c.p. 57.)
55 "The very meaning of an increased demand by them (the labou-
rers) is, a disposition to take less themselves, and leave a lar-
ger share for their employers; and if it is said tbat this, by
diminishing consumption, increases glut, I can only answer, that
glut is synonymous with high profits." (l.c.p. 59.)
56 "When Mr. Malthus published his Essay on Rent, it seems to
have been partly with a view to answer the cry of 'No Landlords',
which then 'stood rubric on the walls', to stand up in defence of
that class, and to prove that they were not like monopolists.
That rent cannot be abolished, that its increase is a natural
concomitant, in general of increasing wealth and numbers, he sho-
wed; but neither did the vulgar cry of 'No Landlords' necessarily
mean, that there ought to be no such thing as rent, but rather
that it ought to be equally divided among the people, according
to what was called 'Spence's plan'. But when he proceeds to vin-
dicate landlords from the odious name of monopolists, from the
observation of Smith, 'that they love to reep where they never
sowed', he seems to be fighting for a name ... There is too much
the air of an advocate in all these arguments of his." (l.c.p.
108, 109.)
56 "On a cru remarquer que les cottagers, qui ont des vaches,
sont plus laborieux et mènent une vie plus régulière, que ceux
qui n'en ont point... La plupart de ceux qui ont des vaches à
présent les ont achetées du fruit de leur travail. Il est donc
plus exact de dire que c'est leur travail qui leur a donné les
vaches, qu'il ne l'est de dire, que ce sont les vaches qui leur
ont donné le goût du travail." (Malthus, "Essai sur lale etc.",
5th ed., trad. de P. Prévost, Geneve, 3me éd. t. IV, p. 104,
105.)
57 "Il est évident que tous les hommes ne peuvent pas former les
classes moyennes. Les supérieures et les inferieures sont inévi-
tables" (...), "et de plus très-utiles. Si l'on ôtoit de la so-
ciété l'espérance de s'élever et la crainte de déchoir; si le
travail ne portoit pas avec lui sa recompense et l'indolence sa
punition; on ne verroit nulle part cette activité, cette ardeur
avec laquelle chacun travaille à améliorer son état et qui est le
principal instrument de ¦¦346¦ la prospérité publique." (l.c.p.
112.)
57 "Plus monapole s'étend" (...), "plus la chaine est lourde pour
les exploités." (Jean-Jacque, Rousseau [Quelle nicht ermittelt].)
57 "On pourroit se livrer à l'espérance, qu' à quelque période
future, les procédés par lesquels le travail est abrégé, et qui
ont déjà fait un progres si rapide, pourroient enfin fournir a
tous les besoins de la société la plus opulente, avec mains de
travail personel, qu'il n'en faut de nos jous pour remplir le
même but: et si l'ouvrier alors n'étoit pas soulagé d'une partie
de la pénible tâche à laquelle il est assujetti aujourd'hui"
(...); "du moins le nombre de ceux, à qui la société impose un
travail si rude, se trauveroit diminué." (l.c.p. 113.)
#541# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
58 "That labour is the sole source of wealth seems to be a
doctrine as dangerous as it is false, as it unhappily affords a
handle to those who would represent all property as belonging to
the working classes, and the share which is received by others as
a robbery or fraud upon them." ([Cazenove] "Outlines of Political
Economy...", London 1832, l.c.p. 22, Note.)
58 "The value of capital, the quantity of labour which it is
worth or will command, is always greater than that which it has
cost, and the difference constitutes the profit or remuneration
to its owner. (l.c.p. 32.)
58 "Profit upon the capital employed" {...} "is an essential con-
dition of the supply, and, as such, constitutes a competent part
of the costs of production." (l.c.p. 33.)
58 "{unless this profit were obtained, there would be no adequate
motive to produce the commodity}" (l.c.p. 33.)
58 "A man's profit does not depend upon his command of the pro-
duce of other men's labour, but upon his command of labour
itself." (...) "If he can sell ¦¦779¦ (...) his goods at a higher
price, while his workmen's wages remain unaltered, he is clearly
benefited by the rise, whether other goods rise or not. A smaller
proportion of what he produces is sufficient to put that labour
into motion, and a larger proportion consequently remains for
himself. (p. 49, 50.)
59 "The supply of each man depends upon, the quantity which he
brings to market: his demand for other things depends upon the
value of his supply. The former is certain; it depends upon him-
self: the latter is uncertain; it depends upon others. The former
may remain the same, while the latter may vary. A 100 qrs. of
corn, which a man brings to market, may at one time be worth 30
sh., and at another time 60 sh., the qr. The quantity of supply
is in both instances the same: but the man's demand or power of
purchasing other things is twice as great in the latter as in the
former case." (l.c.p. 111, 112.)
60 "When commodities are multiplied by a more judicious distribu-
tion of labour, no greater amount of demand than before is re-
quired in order to maintain all the labour which was previously
employed;" (...) "whereas, when machinery is introduced, if there
be not an increased amount of demand, or a fall in wages or pro-
fits, some of the labour will undoubtedly be thrown out of em-
ployment.
Let the case be supposed of a commodity worth 1200 l., of which
1000 l. consists of wages of 100 men, at £ 10 each, and 200 l. of
profits, at the rate of 20 p.c. Now, let the it be imagined that
the same commodity can be produced by the labour of 50 men, and a
machine which has cost the labour of 50 more, and which requires
the labour of 10 men to keep it in constant repair; the producer
will then be able to reduce the price of the article to 800 l.,
and still continue to obtain the same remuneration for the use of
his capital.
The wages of 50 men at 10 £ ... 500
of 10 men to keep in it repair ... 100
Profit 20% on circulating
capital ........................ 500
} 200
on fixed capital ............... 500
---
800."
(l.c.p. 114, 115.)
#542# Anhang und Register
-----
61 "Those who used to pay £ 1200 for the commodity will now have
£ 400 to spare, which they can lay out either on something else,
or in purchasing more of the same commodity. If it be laid out in
the ¦¦780¦ produce of immediate labour, it will give employment
to no more then 33.4 men, whereas the number thrown out of em-
ployment by the introduction of the machine will have been 40,
for -
The wages of 33.4 men at 10, are £ 334
Profits 20 p.c.................. 66
-----
£ 400."
62 "If it" (the 400 l. viz.) "be laid out in the purchase of more
of the same commodity, or of any other, where the same species
and quantity of fixed capital were used, it would employ only 30
men, for -
The wages of 25 men at £ 10 each, are 250
5 men to keep in repair 50
Profits on £ 250 circulated and
250 fixed capital ............... 100
-----
£ 400."
62 "When the total sum of £ 1200 was spent on the produce of im-
mediate labour, the division was £ 1000 wages, £ 200 profits.
(...) "When it was spent partly in the one way and partly in the
other... the division was £ 934 wages, and 266 l. profits:" (...)
"and, as in the third supposition, when the whole sum was spent
on the joint produce of the machine and labour, the division was
£ 900 wages an £ 300 profits." (l.c.p. 114-117.)
62 "The capitalist cannot, after the introduction employ as much
labour as he did before, without accumulating further capital;
but the revenue which is saved by the consumers of the article
after its price has fallen, will, by increasing their consumption
of that or something else, create a demand for some though not
for all the labour which has been displaced by the machine."
(l.c.p. 119.)
62 "Mr. McCulloch conceives that the introduction of machines
into any employment necessarily occasions an equal or greater de-
mand for the disengaged labourers in some other employment. In
order to prove this, he supposes that the annuity necessary to
replace the value of the machine by the time it is worn out, will
every year occasion an increasing demand for labour. But as the
successive annuities added tagether up to the end of the term,
can only equal the original cost of the machine, and the interest
upon it during the time it is in operation, in what tony it con
ever create a demand for labour, beyond what it would have done
had no machine been employed, it is not easy to understand."
(l.c.[p. 119, 120].)
Zwanzigstes Kapitel
67 "Gesetzt, Kapital von different degrees of durability werde
angewandt. Wenn ein woollen und ein silk manufacturer jeder ein
Kapital von 2000 l. anwenden und der erste 1500 l. in durable ma-
chines und 500 l. in wages and materials anwendet, während der
letztre nur 500 l. in durable machines anwendet und 1500 in wages
und materials... Gesetzt, 1/10 dieses fixen Kapitals sei jährlich
konsumiert und die Rate des Profits 10%, dann, da die results of
the woollen manufacturer's capital of 2000 l., to give him this
profit £ 2200
#543# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
sein müssen und da der Wert des fixen Kapitals durch den Prozeß
der Produktion reduziert ist von 1500 auf 1350, the goods produ-
ced müssen sell for 850 l. Und in like manner, da das fixe Kapi-
tal des silk manufacturer durch den process of production 1/10
reduziert ist, oder von 500 auf 450, the silks produced must, in
order to yield him the castomarg rate of profts upon his whole
capital of 2000 l., sell for 1750 l.... when capitals equal in
amount, but of different degrees of durability, are employed, the
articles produced, together with the residue of capital, in one
occupation, will be equal in exchangeable value to the things
produeed, and the residue of capital, in another occupation."
([R.Torrens, "An essay on the production of wealth ...", London
1821,] p. 28, 29.)
67 "Equal capitals oder in andren Worten, equal quantities of ac-
cumulated labour, will often put in motion different quantities
of immediate labour; dies ändert aber nichts an der Sache." (p.
29.30.)
68 "In the early period of society" (...) "ist es die total quan-
tity of labour, accumulated and immediate, expended on produc-
tion, die den relativen Wert der Waren bestimmt. Sobald aber
stock accamulated und eine Klasse von Kapitalisten sich unter-
scheidet von einer Klasse von Arbeitern, when the person who un-
dertakes any branch of industry, does not perform his own work,
but advances subsistence and materials to others, then it is the
amount of capital, or the quantity of accumulated labour expended
in production, die die exchangenble power of commodities be-
stimmt." (l.c.p. 33, 34.)
68 "Solange zwei Kapitalien gleicb, [sind] ihre Produkte von
gleichem Wert, however we may vary the quantity of immediate la-
bour which they put in motion, or which their prodace may re-
quire. Sind sie ungleich, ihre products of unequal value, though
the total quantity of labour expended upon eech should be preci-
sely equal." (p.39.)
68 "Also nach dieser separation of capitalists and labour, ist es
die amount of capital, the quantity of accumulated labour, und
nicht wie vor dieser Trennung, the sum of accumulated and imme-
diate labour, expended on production, die den Tauschwert be-
stimmt. (l.c.p. 39, 40.)
72 "The effectual demand for any commodity is always determined,
and under any given rate of profit, is constantly commensurate
with the quantity of the ingredients of capital, or of the things
required in its production, which consumers may be able and wil-
ling to offer in exchange for it." (l.c.p. 344.)
72 "Increased supply ist the one and onlg cause of increased ef-
fectual demand." (p. 348.)
72 Market price" (...) "schließt stets ein die customary rate of
profit for the time being. Natural price, consisting of the cost
of prodaction, or, in other words, of the capital expended in
raising or fabricating commodities, connot inclnde the rate of
profit." (l.c.p. 51.)
72 "Es wäre dasselbe, als wenn ein Pächter für 100 qrs. of corn
120 qrs. in return erhielte, dann 20 qrs. der Profit; wäre ab-
surd, diesen Exzeß oder Profit a part of the expenditure zu nen-
nen ... Ebenso erhielte der manufacturer in return a quantity of
finished work of a higher exchangeable value, als die materials
etc.- (p. 51-53.)
73 "Effectual demand consists in the power and inclination, on
the part of consumers, to give for commodities, either by imme-
diate or circuitious barter, some greater portion 1*) of all the
ingredients of capital tban their production costs." (l.c.p.
349.)
-----
1*) In der Handschrift: proportion
#544# Anhang und Register
-----
82 "Time can do nothing....how then con it add to value? Time is
a mere abstract term. It is a word, a sound. And it is the very
same logical absurdity, to talk of an abstract unity measuring
value, and of time creating it." ([James] Mill, "Elements etc.",
2nd ed. p. 99.)
83 "Mr. Mill has made a curious attempt to resolve the effects of
time into expenditure of labour. 'If,' says he, (p. 97, 2nd ed.
der "Elements", 1824) 'the wine which is put in the cellar is in-
creased in value 1/10 by being kept a year, 1/10 more of labour
may be correctly considered as having been expended upon it.'...
a fact can be correctly considered as having taken ¦¦793¦ place
only when it really has taken place. In the instance adduced, no
human being, by the terms of the supposition, has approached the
wine, or spent upon it a moment ot a single motion of his mu-
scles." (Balley. "A critical Dissertation on ihe Nature, Measures
and Causes of Value etc.", London 1825, p. 219, 220.)
93 "Capital is commodities. If the value of commodities, then,
depends upon the value of capital. it depends upon the value of
commodities; the value of commodities depends upon itself."
([James] Mill, "Elements etc.", Lond. 1821, p. 74.)
94 "Labour and Capital - the one, immediate labour ... the other,
hoarded labour." (1st Engl. edit., Lond. 1821, p. 75.)
99 «Voilà donc un cas au moins» {...} «où le prix (le prix du
travail) est réglé, d'une manière permanente, par le rapport de
l'offre à la demande.» («Discours sut l'écon. polit.». Par Mc-
Culloch, traduit par Gme Prévost, Genève 1825; in Prévosts ange-
hängten "Réflexions sur le système de Ricardo», p. 187.)
100 ... «de donner une déduction logique des principes de
l'économie politique.» (p. 88) Mill «expose presque tous les su-
jets de discussion. Il a su débroullier et simplifier les questi-
ons les plus compliquées et les plus difficiles, poser les divers
principes de la science dans leur ordre naturel.» (l.c.)
100 «On peut élever un doute sur l'influence des terres inférieu-
res pour régler les prix, en ayant égard, comme on le doit, à
leur étendue relative.» (Prévost, l.c.p. 177.)
100 «Mr. Mill use de cette comparaison: 'Supposez que toutes les
terres en culture dans un certain pays soient de même qualité et
donnent les mêmes profits aux capitaux qu'on y applique, a
l'exception d'un seul acre, qui donne un produit sextuple de ce-
lui de tout autre.'» (Mill, "Elements etc.", 2nd ed., p. 71.) «Il
est certain, comme M. Mill le prouve, que le fermier de ce der-
nier acre ne pourroit paint élever son fermage,» (...) «et que
les cinq sixiemes du produit appartiendroient au propriétaire.»
(...) «Mais si l'ingénieux auteur avoit pensé à proposer une fic-
tion semblable pour le cas inverse, il auroait reconnu que le ré-
sultat étoit différent. En effet, supposons tautes les terres au
niveau, excepté un acre de tetre inférieure. Que sut cet acre
unique, le profit de capital soit la sixième partie du profit sut
tout autre. Pense-t-on que le profit de quelques millions d'acres
fût forcé de se réduire à la sixième partie de son profit habi-
tuel? Il est probable que cet acre unique n'auroit pas d'effet,
parce que les produits quelconques (spécialement le blé) étant
portés au marché, ne souffriroient point sensiblement de la con-
curtence d'une portion minime. Nous disons donc que l'assertion
ricardienne sut l'effet des tettes inférieures doit être modifée
par l'étendue relative des tertes de fertilité inégale.»
(Prévost, l.c.p. 177, 178.)
101 «Nous reconnoissons qu'en général le taux des profits agrico-
les règle celui des profits industriels. Mais en même temps nous
ferons remarquer que ceux-ci réagissent nécessairement
#545# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
sur les premiers. Quand le prix du blé vient à hausser à un cer-
tain point, les capitaux industriels d'appliquent aux terres et
réduisent necessairement les profits agricoles.. (Preévost,
l.c.p. 179.)
102 «Ne semble-t-il pas que, si la demande croissante des capi-
taux fait hausser le prix des ouvriers, c'est-a-dire le salaire,
on n'a pas raison d'affirmer que l'offre croissante de ces mêmes
capitaux ne peut point feire baisser le prix des capitaux, en
d'autres termes le profit?» (l.c.p. 188.)
102 «L'état prospère commence par faire hausser les profits.»
(...), «et cela long-temps avant que l'on cultive les nouvelles
terres; de sorte que, lorsque celies-ci exercent leur influence
sur la rente en deduction des profits, ceux-ci, bien
qu'immédiatement diminués, restent encore aussi éléves qu ils
étoient avant le progrès ... Pourquoi à une époque quelconque,
cultive-t-on les terres de qualité inférieure? Ce ne peut être
qu'en vue d'un profir au moins egal au profit courant. Et quelle
circonstance peut amener ce taux du profit sur de telles terres?
L'accroissement ¦¦804¦ de la population. Pressant ... sur la li-
mite des subsistances, elle feit hausser le prix des alimens (du
blé en particulier), du manière à donner de gros profits aux ca-
pitaux agricoles. Les autres capitaux affluent sur les terres;
mais comme celles-ci sont d'une étendue bornée, cette concurrence
a un terme; et il arrive enfin qu'en cultivant des sols plus in-
grats, on obtient encore des profits superieurs d ceux lu com-
merce ou des manufactures. Dès lors (en supposant ces terres in-
férieures d'une étendue suffisante) les profits agricoles sont
forcés de se régler sur ceux des derniers que l'on a verses sur
les terres. C'est ainsi que prenant le taux des profits à
l'origine du progràs divitial, on reconncîtra que les profits
'ont aucune tendance à diminuer. Ils haussent avec la population
croissante, jusqu'au point où les profits agricoles ont tellement
cru qu'ils peuvent éprouver (par des cultures nouvelles) une di-
minution notable, sans redescendre jamais au-dessous de leur taux
primitif, ou (pour parler plus exactement) au-dessous du taux
moyen déterminé par diverses circonstances.» (p. 190-192.)
104 «Les terres de qualité inferieure... ne sont mises en culture
que lorsqu'elles rendent des profits égaux ou supérieurs à ceux
des capitaux industriels. Souvent, dans ces circonstances, malgré
les nouvelles cultures, le prix du blé et des produits agricoles
reste encore fort élevé. Ces hauts prix gênent la population ou-
vrière, parce que la hausse des salaires ne suit pas exactement
celle du prix des objets de consommation à l'usage des salariés.
Ils sont plus ou moins à charge à la population tout entière,
parce que presque toutes les marchandises sont affectées de la
hausse des salaires et de celle du prix des objets de première
nécessité. Cette gêne universelle, jointe à la mortalité
qu'occasionne une population surabondante, amène une diminution
dans le nombre des salariés, et de suite une hausse dans les sa-
laires et une baisse dans les profits agricoles. Dès lors toutes
les opérations ont lieu en sens inverse des précédentes. Les ca-
pitaux se retirent des terres inférieures et se reversent sur
l'industrie. Mais le principe de population agira bientôt de nou-
veau; dè que la misère aura cessé, le nombre des ouvriers
croîtra, leur salaire diminuera, et en conséquence les profits
hausseront. Une suite de telles oscillations doit avoir lieu,
sans que les profits moyens en soient affectés. Ils peuvent par
d'autres causes hausser ou beisser, ou par cette cause même, ils
peuvent changer, alternativement en sens contraire, sans que leur
baisse ou leur hausse moyemme puisse être attribuée à la néces-
sité d'entreprendre de nouvelles caltures. La population est le
régulateur, qui rétabilit l'ordre naturel et contient les profits
entre cortaines limites.» (l.c.p. 194-196.)
#546# Anhang und Registet
-----
106 "...disputes ... are entirely owing to the use of words in
different senses by different persons; to the disputants looking,
like the knights in the story, at different sides of the shield."
("Obseruations on certain verbal disputes in Political Eco-
nomy...", London 1821, p. 59, 60.)
106 "There is an obvious difficulty in supposing that labour is
what we mentally allude to, when we talk of value or of real
price, as opposed to nominal price; for we often want to speak of
the value or price of labour itself. Where by labour, as the real
price of a thing, we mean the labour which produced the thing,
there is another difficulty besides; for we often want to speak
of the value or price of land: but land ist not produced by la-
bour. This definition, then, will only apply to commodities."
(l.c.p. 8.)
107 "<An increased supply of labour is an increased supply of
that which is to purchase labour.> If we say, then, with Mr. Ri-
cardo, that labour is at every moment tending to what he calls
its natural price, we must only recollect, that the increase made
in its supply, in order to tend to that, is itself one cause of
the counteracting power, which prevents the tendency from being
effectual." (p. 72, 73.)
107 "It is not meant to be asserted by him" (Ricardo) "that two
particular lots of two different articles, as a hat and a pair of
shoes, exchange with one another when those two particalar lots
were produced by equal quantities of labour. By 'commodity', we
must here understand 'description of commodity,' not a particular
individual hat, pair of shoes, etc. The whole labour which produ-
ces all the hats in England is to be considered, to this purpose,
as divided among all the hats. This seems to me not to have been
expressed at first, and in the general statements of his
doctrine." (l.c.p. 53, 54.) "Z.B. Ricardo spricht von'a portion
of labour of the engineer in making machines...', enthalten z.B.
in einem Paar Strümpfe. Yet the 'total labour' that produced each
single pair of stockings, if it is of a single pair we are
speaking, includes the whole labour of the engineer; not 'a por-
tion'; for one machine makes many pairs, and none of those pairs
could have done without any part of the machine." (l.c.p. 54.)
109 "If you call labour a commodity, it is not like a commodity
which is first produced in order to exchange, and then bronght to
market where it must exchange with other commodities according to
the respective quantities of each which there may be in the mar-
ket at the time; labour is created at the moment it is brought to
market; nay, it is brought to market, before it is created."
(l.c.p. 75, 76.)
110 "Indifferent stages of saciety, the accumulation of
c a p i t a l, or of the m e a n s o f e m p l o y i n g la-
bour, is more or less rapid, and must in all cases depend on the
productive powers of labour. The productive powers of labour are
generally greatest where there is an abundance of fertile land."
(Ric[ardo, "Principles of political economy....",] 3rd edit.,
1821, p. 92 [zitiert nach: "Observations on certain verbal dispu-
tes in Political Economy...", London 1821, p. 74].)
110 "If, in the first sentence, the productive powers of labour
mean the smallness of that aliquot part of any produre that goes
to those whose manual labour produced it, the sentence is nearly
identical, because the remaining aliquot part is the fund whence
capital can, if the owner pleases, be accumulated." (...) "But
then this does not generally happen where there is most fertile
land." ["Observations on certain verbal disputes in political
economy...", p. 74.]
111 "It does in North America, but that is an artificial state of
things." (...) "It does not in Mexico. It does not in New Hol-
land. The productive powers of labour are, indeed, in
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another sense, greatest where there is much fertile land, viz.
the power of man, if he chooses it, to raise much row produce in
proportion to the whole labour he performs. It is, indeed, a gift
of nature, that men can raise more food than the lowest quantity
that they could maintain and keep up the existing population on;"
(...) "but 'surplus produce'(the term used by Mr. Ricardo, page
93), generally means the excess of the whole price of a thing
above that part of it which goes to the labourer who made it;"
(...) "a point, which is settled by human arrangement, and not
fixed [by nature]." (l.c.p. 74, 75.)
112 "When the demand for an article exceeds that which is, with
reference to the present state 1*) of supply, the effectual de-
mand; and when, consequently, the price has risen, either additi-
ons can be made to the rate of supply at the same rate of cost of
production as before; in which case they will be made till the
article is brought to exchange at the same rate as before with
other articles: or, secondly, no possible additions can be made
to the former rate of supply: and then the price, which has ri-
sen, will not be brought down, but continue to afford, as Smith
says, a greater rent, or profits, or wages (or all three), to the
particular land, capital, or labour, employed in producing the
article,: or, thirdly, the additions which can be made will re-
quire proportionally more land, or capital, or labour, or all
three, than were required for the periodical production" (...)
"of the amonnt previously supplied. Then the addition will not be
made till the demand is strong enongh, 1), to pay this increased
price for the addition; 2), to pay the same increased price upon
the old amount of supply. For the person who has produced the ad-
ditional quantity will be no more able to get a high price for
it, than those who produced the former quantity... There will
then be surplus profits in this trade... The surplus profits will
be either in the hands of some particular producers only... or,
if the additional produce cannot be distinguished from the rest,
will be a surplus shared by all... People will give something to
belong to a trade in which such surplus profit can be made...
What they so give, is rent." (p. 79 sqq.)
112 "'Conversion of revenue into capital' is another of these
verbal sources of controversy. One man means by it, that the ca-
pitalist lays out part of the profits he has made by his capital,
in making additions to his capital, instead of spending it for
his private use, as he might else have done: another man means by
it, that a person lays out as capital something which he never
got as profits, or any capital of his own, but received as rent,
wages, salary." (l.c.p. 83, 84.)
113 "If the capital employed in cutlery is increased as 100:101,
and can only produce an increase of cutlery in the same propor-
tion, the degree in which it will increase the command which its
producers have other things in general, no increased production
of them having by the supposition taken place, will be in a less
proportion; and this, and not the increase of the quantity of
cutlery, constitutes the employers' profits of the increase of
their wealth. But if the like addition of 1% had been making at
the same time to the capitals of all other trades and with the
like result as to produce, this would not follow: for the rate at
which each article would exchange with the rest would remain un-
altered, and therefore a given portion of each would give the
same command as before over the rest." (["An Inquiry into those
Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of
Consumption, lately advocated by Mr. Malthus etc.", London 1821,]
l.c.p. 9.)
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116 "Mr. Ricardo (p. 359, 2nd ed.), after quoting the doctrine of
Smith about the cause of the fall of profits, adds: 'M.Say, has,
however, most satisfactorily shown, that there is no capital
which may not be employed in a country, because demand in only
limited by production'." (...) "'There cannot be accumulated (p.
360) in a country any amount of capitel which cannot be employed
productively' (meaning, I assume," sagt der Mann incluse, "'with
profit to the owner') 'until wages rise so high in consequence of
the rise of necessaries, and so little consequently remains for
the profits of stock, that the motive for accomulation ceases'."
[p. 18, 19.]
118 "The lattet sentence limits (not to say contradicts) the for-
mer, if 'which may not be employed', in the former, means
'employed productively', or rather, 'profitably'. And if it means
simply 'employed', the proposition is useless berause neither A.
Smith nor any body else, I presume, denied that it might 'be em-
ployed', if you did not care what profits is brought." (l.c.p.
19.)
118 "The very meaning of an increased demand by them" (the labou-
rers) "is, a disposition to take less themselves, and leave a
larger share for their employers; and if it is be said that this,
by diminishing consumption, increases glut, I can only answer,
that glut is synonymous with high profits." (l.c.p. 59.)
118 "The labourers do not, considered as consumers derive any be-
nefit from machines, while flourishing (as Mr. Say says, 'Traité
d'économie politique', ed. 4, vol. I, p. 60 1*)), unless the ar-
ticle, which the machines cheapen, is one that can be brought, by
cheapening, within their use. Threshing-machines, windmills, may
be a great thing for them in this view; but the invention of a
veneering machine, or a block machine, or a lace frame, does not
mend their condition much." (l.c.p. 74, 75.)
118 "The habits of the labourers, where division of labour has
been carried very far, are applicable only to the particular line
they have been used to; they are a sort of machines. Then, there
is a long period of idleness, that is, of labour lost: of wealth
cut off at its root. It is quite useless to repeat, like a par-
rot, that things have a tendency to find their level. We must
look about us, and see tbat they ¦¦813¦ cannot for a long time
find a level; that when they do, it will be a far lower level
than they set out from." (l.c.p. 72.)
119 "He" (der Arbeiter) "will agree to work part of his time for
the capitalist; or, what comes to the same thing, to consider
part of the whole produce, when raised and exchanged, as belon-
ging to the capitalist. He must do so, or the capitalist would
not have afforded him his assistance." (...) "But as the capita-
list's motive was guin, and as this advantages always depend, in
a cettain degree, on the will to save, as well as on the power,
the capitalist will be disposed to afford an additional portion
of these assistances; and as he will find fewer people in want of
this additional portion, than were in want of the original por-
tion, he must expect to have a less share of the benefit to him-
self; he must be content to make a present" (!!!) "(as it were)
to the labourer, of part of the benefit his assistance occasions,
or else he would not get the other part: the profit is reduced,
then, by competition." (l.c.p. 102, 103.)
120 "A. Smith glaubte, daß accumulation or increase of stock in
general lowered the rate of profit in general, on the same prin-
ciple which makes the increase of stock in any particular trade
lower the profits of that trade. But such increase of stock in a
particular trade
-----
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#549# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
means an increase more in proportion than stock is at the same
time increased in other trades." (l.c.p. 9.)
120 "The immediate market for capital, or field for capital, may
be said to be labour. The amount of capital which can be invested
at a given moment, in a given conntry, or the world, so as to re-
turn not less tkan a given rate of profits, seems principally to
depend on the quantity of labour, which it is possible, by laying
out that capital, to induce the then existing number of human
beings to perform." (l.c.p. 20.)
120 "Profits do not depend on price, they depend on price compa-
red with outgoings." (l.c.p. 28.)
120 "The proposition of M. Say does not at all prove that capital
opens a market for itself, but only that capital and labour open
a market for one another." (l.c.p. 111.)
121 "Alle Schwierigkeiten der politischen Ökonomie darauf redu-
zierbar: What is the ground of exchangeable value?" (Thomas De
Quincey, "Dialogues of Three Templars on Political Economy,
chiefly in relation to the Principles of Mr. Ricardo", "London
Magazine", vol. IX, 1824, p. 347.)
121 "Es ist durchaus falsch zu schließen, that the real value is
great because the quantity it buys is great, or small because the
quantity it buys is small... If A double its value, it will not
therefore command double the former quantity of B. It may do so:
and it may also command 500 times more, or 500 times less... Nie-
mand wird leugnen, daß A by doubling its own value will command a
double quantity of all things which have been stationary in va-
lue. But the question is whether universally, from doubling its
value, A will command a double quantity." (l.c.p. 552 sqq. pas-
sim.)
122 "If the absolute quantity of labour, which produces the grea-
ter part of commodities, or all except one, is increased, would
you say tbet the value of tbat one is unaltered? [In what sense?]
since it will exchange for less of every commodity besides. If,
indeed, it is meant to be asserted tbat the meaning of increase
or diminution of value, is increase or diminution in the quantity
of labour that produced the commodity spoken of, the conclusions
I have just been objecting to might be true enough. But to say,
as Mr. Ricardo does, thst the comparative quantities of labour
that produce two commodities are the cause of the rate at which
those two commodities will exchange with each other, i.e. of the
exchangeable value of each, - is very different from saying, that
the exchangenble value of either means the quantity of labour
which produced it, understood without any reference to the other,
or to the existence of the other." ("Observations etc.", p. 13.)
123 "Mr. R[icardo] tells us indeed, that 'the inquiry to which he
wishes to draw the reader's attention relates to the effect of
the variations in the relative value of commodities, and not in
their absolute value'; as if he there considered that there is
such a thing as exchangeable value which is not relative."
(l.c.p. 9, 10.)
123 "That Mr. Ricardo has departed from his original use of the
term value, and has made of it something absolute, instead of re-
lative, is still more evident in his chapter, entitled 'Value and
Riches, their distinctive Properties'. The question there discus-
sed, has been discussed also by others, and is purely verbal and
useless." (l.c.p. 15 sq.)
126 "The rise of value of article A, only meant value estimated
in articles B, C, etc. i.e. value in exchange for articles B, C,
etc." (l.c.p. 16.)
126 "Value is a property of things, riches of men. Value, in this
sense, necessarily implies exchange, riches do not." (l.c.p. 16.)
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129 "Value, or valeur in French, is not only used absolutely in-
stead of relatively as a quality of things, but is even used by
some as a measurable commodity, 'Possessing a value,'
'transferring a portion of value," (...) "the sum, or totality of
values' etc. I do not know what that means." (l.c.p. 57.)
130 "'The relative value of two things,' is open to two meanings:
the rate at which twothings exchange or would exchange with each
other, or the comparative pottions of a third for which each
exchanges or would exchange." (l.c.p. 53.)
135 "In making labour the foundation of the value of commodities,
and the comparative quantity of labour which is necessary to
their production, the rale which determines the respective quan-
tities of ponds which shall be given in exchange for each other,
we must not be supposed to deny the accidental and temporary de-
viations of the actual or market price of commodities from this,
their primary and natural price." ([Ricardo, "On the princi-
ples..."] 3rd ed., 1821, p. 80.)
135 "'To measure... is to find how many times they'" (die gemes-
senen Dinge) "'contain... unities of the same description.' A
franc is not a measure of value for any thing, but for a quantity
of the same metal of which francs are made, unless francs, and
the thing to be measured, can be referred to some other measure
which is common to both. This, I think, they can be, for they are
both the result of labour; and, therefore," (...) "labour is a
common measure, by which their real as well as their relative vo-
lue may be estimated." (l.c.p. 333, 334.)
137 "If the value of an object is its power of purchasing, there
must be something to purchase. Value denotes consequently nothing
positive or intrinsic, but merely the relation in which two ob-
jects stand to each other as exchangeable commodities." ([Bailey,
"A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measures, and Causes of
Value...", London 1825] p. 4, 5.)
140 "As we cannot speak of the distance of any object without im-
plying some other object, between which and the former this rela-
tion exists, so we cannot speak of the value of a commodity but
in reference to another commodity ¦¦825¦ compared with it. A
thing cannot be valueable in itself without reference to another
thing" (...), "any more than a thing can be listant in itself wi-
thout reference to another thing." (l.c.p. 5.)
142 "It" (value) "cannot alter as to one of the objects compared,
without altering as to the other." (l.c.p. 5.)
143 "Gäbe es nur zwei Waren in existence, beide exchangeable ver-
hältnismäßig zur quantity of labour. If ... A should, at a subse-
quent period, require the double quantity of labour for its pro-
duction, while B continued to require only the same. A would be-
come of double the value of B... But althongh B continned to be
produced by the same labour, it would not continne of the same
value, for it would exchange for ouly half the quantity of A, the
only commodity, by the supposition, with which it could be compa-
red." (l.c.p. 6.)
144 "It is from this circumstance of constant reference to other
commodities" (...), "or to money, when we are speaking of the re-
lation between any two commodities, that the notion of value, as
something intrinsic and absolute, has arisen." (l.c.p. 8.)
144 "What I assert is, that if all commodities were produced un-
der exactly the same circumstances, as f.i., by labour alone, any
commodity, which always required the same quantity of labour,
could not be invariable in value," (...) "while every other com-
modity underwent alteration. (l.c.p. 20, 21.)
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144 "Value is nothing intrinsic and absolute." (l.c.p. 23.)
144 "It is impossible to d e s i g n a t e, or e x p r e s s
the value of a commodity, except by a quantity of some other com-
modity." (l.c.p. 26.)
144 "Instead of regarding value as a relation between two ob-
jects, they" (Ric[ardo] and his followers) "consider it as a po-
sitive result produced by a definite quantity of labour." (l.c.p.
30.)
144 "Because the values of A and B, according to their doctrine,
are to each other as the quantities of producing labour, or ...
are determined by the quantities of producing labour, they appear
to have concluded, that the value of A alone, without referenae
to any thing else, is as the quantity of its producing labour.
There is no meaning certainly in this last proposition." (l.c.p.
31, 32.)
144 ..."value as a sort of general and independent property." (p.
35.)
144 "The value of a commodity must be its value in something."
(l.c.[p. 35].)
144 The value of any commodity denoting its relation in exchange
to some other commodity" (...), "we may speak of it as money-va-
lue, corn-value, cloth-value, according to the commodity with
which it is compared; and then there are a thousand different
kinds of value, as many kinds of value as there are commodities
in existence, and all are equally real and equally nominal.
(l.c.p. 39.)
146 "Mr. Ricardo, ingeniously enough, avoids a difficulty, which,
on a first view, threatens to encumber his doctrine, that value
depends on the quantity of labour employed in production. If tbis
principle is rigidly adhered to, it follows, that the value of
labour depend on the quantity of labour employed in producing it
- which is evidently absurd. By a dexterous turn, therefore, Mr.
Ricardo makes the value of labour depend on the quantity of la-
bour required to produce wages, or, to give him the benefit of
his own language, he maintains, that the value of labour is to be
estimated by the quantity of labour required to produce wages, by
which he means, the quantity of labour required to produce the
money or commodities given to the labourer. This is similar to
saying, that the value of cloth is to be estimated, not by the
quantity of labour bestowed on its production, bot by the quan-
tity of labour bestowed on the production of the silver, for
which the cloth is exchanged." (l.c.p. 50, 51.)
148 "A rise or fall in the value of labour implies an increase or
decrease in the quantity of the commodity given in exchange for
it." (l.c.p. 62.)
149 "Labour is an exchangeable thing, or one which commands other
things in exchange; but the term profits denotes only a share or
proportion of commodities, not an article which can be exchanged
against other articles. When we ask whether wages have risen, we
mean, whether a definite portion of labour exchanges for a grea-
ter quantity of other things than before;" (...) "but when we ask
whether profits have risen, we... mean... whether the gain of the
capitalist bears a higher ratio to the capital employed." (p. 62,
63.)
150 "The value of labour does not entirely depend on the propor-
tion of the whole produce, which is given to the labourers in
exchange for their labour, but also on the productiveness of la-
bour." (p. 63, 64.)
150) "The proposition, that when labour rises profits must fall,
is true only when its rise is not owing to an increase in its
productive powers." (p. 64.)
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150 "If this productive power be augmented, tbat is, if the same
labour produce more commodities in the same time, labour may rise
in value without a fall, nay even with a rise of profits. (p.
66.)
150 "Whatever the produce of the labour of 6 men might be, whe-
ther 100 or 200 or 300 qrs. of corn, yet so long as the propor-
tion of the capitalist was one fourth of the produce, that fourth
part estimated in labour would be invariably the same." (...)
"Were the produre 100 qrs., then, as 75 qrs. would be given to 6
men, the 25 accrning to the capitalist would command the labour
of two men:" (...) "if the produce were 300 qrs., the 6 men would
obtain 225 qrs., and the 75 falling to the capitalist would still
command 2 men and no more." (...) "Thus a rise in the proportion
which went to the capitalist would be the same as an increase of
the value of profits estimated in labour" (...), "or, in other
words, an increase in their power of commanding labour." (p. 69.)
151 "Should it be objected to the doctrine of profits and the va-
lue of labour rising at the same time, that as the commodity pro-
duced is the only source whence the capitalist and the labourer
can obtain their remuneration, it necessarily follows that what
one gains the other loscs, the reply is obvious. So long as the
product continues the same, this is undeniably true: but it is
equally undeniably, that if the product be doubled the portion of
both may be increascd, althongh, the proportion of one is les-
sened and that of the other augmented." (. ..) "So long as the
product continues the same, this is undeniably true; but it is
equally undeniable, that if the product be doubled the portion of
both may be increased, although the proportion of one is lessened
and that of the other augmented. Now it is an increase in the
portion of the product assigned to [the] labourer which constitu-
tes a rise in the value of his labour;" (...) "but it is an in-
crease in the proportion assigncd to the capitalist which consti-
tutes a rise in profits;" (...) "whencc" (...) "it clearly fol-
lows, that there is nothing inconsistent in the supposition of a
simultaneous rise in both." (p. 70).
153 "Value is a relation between contemporary commodities, be-
cause such only admit of being exchanged for each other; and if
we compare the velue of a commodity at one time with its value at
another, it is only a comparison of the relation in which it
stood at these different times to some other commodity." (l.c.p.
72.)
154 "I beg not to be understood as contending, either that the
values of commodities are to each other as the quantities of la-
bour necessary for their production, or that the values of commo-
dities are to each other as the values of the labour: all that I
intend to insist upon is, that if the former is true, the latter
cannot be false." (l.c.p. 92.)
158 "If the commodities are to each other as the quantities, they
must also to be each other as the values of the producing labour;
for the contrary would necessarily imply, that the two commodi-
ties A and B might be equal in value, although the value of the
labour employed in one was greater or less than the value of the
labour employed in the other; or that A and B might be unequal in
value, if the labour employed in each was equal in value. But
this diffcrencc in thc value of two commodities, which were pro-
duced by labour of equal value, would bc inconsistent with thc
acknowledged equality of profits, which Mr. Ricardo maintains in
common with other writers." (l.c.p. 79, 80.)
158 "Meint Ric[ardo] dagegen, that labour may rise and fall in
value without affecting the value of the commodity. This is ob-
viously a very different proposition from the other, and depends
in fact on the falsity of the other, or on the contrary proposi-
tion etc." (l.c.p. 81.)
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159 "The capability of expressing the values of commodities has
nothing to do with the constancy of their values" (...), "either
to each other or to the medium employed; neither has the capabi-
lity of comparing these expressions of value any thing to do with
it." (...) "Whether A is worth 4 B or 6 B" {...}, "and whether C
is worth 8 B or 12 B, are circumstances which make no difference
in the power of expressing the value of A and C in B, and cer-
tainly no difference in the power of comparing the value of A and
C when expressed." (p. 104, 105.)
160 "The requisite condition in the process is, that the commodi-
ties to be measured should be reduced to a common denominator
1*)" (...), "which may be done at all times with equal facility;
or rather it is ready done to our hands, since it is the prices
of commodities which are recorded, or theit relations in value to
money." (l.c.p. 112.)
160 "Estimatin,, value is the same thing as expressing it."
(l.c.p. 152.)
161 "Mistake... that the relation of value can exist between com-
modities at different periods, which is in the nature of the case
impossible; and if no relation exists there can be no measure-
ment." (p. 113.)
162 "If it" (money) "is not a good medium of comparison between
commodities at diffetent periods, ... dies incapability of per-
forming a function in a case where there is for it no function to
perform. (p. 118.)
162 "Riches are the attribute of men, value is the attribute of
commodities. A man ot a community is rich; a pearl ot a diamond
is valuable." (p. 165.)
162 "Unterschied zwischen labour as cause and measwe, überhaupt
zwischen cause and maesure of value. (p. 170 sqq.)
162 "Whatever circumstances ... act with assignable influence,
whether mediately or immediately, on the mind in the interchange
of commodities, may be considered as causes of value. (p. 182,
183.)
165 "It is not, indeed, disputed, that the main circumstance,
which determines the quantities in which articles of this class"
(...) "are exchanged, is the cost of production; but our best
economists do not exactly agree on the meaning to be attached to
this term; some contending that the quantity of labour expended
on the production of an article constitutes its cost; others,
that the capital employed upon it is entitled to that appella-
tion." (l.c.p. 200.)
165 "What the labourer produces without capital, costs him his
labour; what the capitalist produces costs him his capital." (p.
201.)
165 "The mass of commodities are determined in value by the capi-
tal expended upon them." (p. 206.)
165 "Now this cannot be true if we can find any instances of the
following nature: 1. Cases in which two commodities have been
produced by an equal quantity of labour, and yet sell for diffe-
rent quantities of money. 2. Cases in which two commodities, once
equal in value, have become unequal in value, without any change
in the quantity of labour respectively employed in each." (p.
209.)
165 "It is no answer" (...) "to say, with Mr. Ricardo, that 'the
estimation in which different qualities of labour are held, comes
soon to be adjusted in the market with sufficient
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1*) Bei Bailey: denomination
#554# Anhang und Register
-----
precision for all practical purposes'; or with Mr. Mill, thet 'in
estimating equal quantities of labour, an allowance would, of
course, be included for different degrees of hardness and skill.'
Instances of this kind entirely destroy the integrity of the
rule." (p. 210.)
165 "There are only two possible methods of comparing one quan-
tity of labour with another; one is to compare them by the time
expended the other by the result produced" (...) "The former is
applicable to all kinds of labour; the latter can be used only in
comparing labour bestowed on similar articles. If therefore, in
estimating two different sorts of work, the time spent will not
determine the proportion between the ¦¦839¦ quantities of labour,
it must remain undetermined and undeterminable." (p. 215.)
166 "Take any two commodities of equal value, A and B, one produ-
ced by fixed capital and the other by labour, without the inter-
vention of machinery; and suppose, that without any change whate-
ver in the fixed capital or the quantity of labour, there should
happen to be a rise in the value of labour; according to Mr.
R[icardo]'s own showing. A and B would be instantly altered in
their relation to each other; that is, they would become unequal
in value. (p. 215, 216.)
166 "To these cases we may add the effect of time on value. If a
commodity take more time than another for its production, alt-
hough no more capital and labour, its value will be greater. The
influence of this cause is admitted by Mr. Ricardo, but Mr. Mill
contends etc. (l.c.[p. 217].)
166 Die 3 Sorten Waren" {...} (...) "nicht absolut zu trennen.
They are all, not only promiscuously exchanged for each other,
but blended in production. A commodity, therefore may owe part of
its value to monopoly, and part to those causes which determine
the value of unmonopolized products. An article, f.i., may be ma-
nufactured amidst the freest competition out of a raw material,
which a complete monopoly enables its producer to sell at 6 times
the actual cost." (p. 223) "In this case it is obvious, that alt-
hough the value of the article might be correctly said to be de-
termined by the quantity of capital expended upon it by the ma-
nufacturer, yet no analysis could possibly resolve the value of
the capital into quantity of labour." (p. 223, 224.)
168 ..."the introduction of machines into any employment necessa-
rily occasions an equa or greater demand for the disengaged la-
bourers in some other employment." [42]
168 "Herr M'Culloch seems, nicht wie andre expositors einer Wis-
senschaft, to look for characteristic differences, but only for
resemblances: and proceeding upon this principle, he is led to
confound material with immaterial objects; productive with unpro-
ductive labour; capital with revenue; the food of the labourer
with the labourer himself; production with consumption; and la-
bour with profits." (Malthus, "Defin. in Pol. Ec. etc", London
1827, p. 69, 70.)
168 "Mr. McCulloch, in his 'Princ. of Pol. Econ.', Edinburgh
1825, divides value into real end relative or exchangeable 1*);
the former, he says, (p. 211 2*)) 'is dependent on the quantity
of labour expended in its appropriation or production 3*), and
the latter on the quantity of labour, or of any other commodity,
for which it will exchange'; and these two values are, he says,
(p. 215), identical in the ordinary state of things, that is,
when the supply of commodities in the market is exactly propor-
tioned to the eflectual demand for them.
-----
1*) Bei Cazenove: real and exchangeable - 2*) bei Cazenove: page
225 - 3*) bei Cazenove: required for the prodaction of any commo-
dity
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-----
Now, if they be identical, the two quantities of labour which he
refers to must be identical also; but, at p. 221, he tells us
that they are not, for that the one includes profits, while the
other excludes them." ([Cazenove,] "Outlines of Polit. Econ.
etc...", London 1832, p. 25.)
169 "In point of fact, it" (...) "will always exchange for more"
{labour than that by which it has been produced}; "and it is this
excess that constitutes profits." (McCulloch, "P[rinciples of
P[olitical] E[conomy]", p. 221.)
173 "It is necessary to distinguish between the exchangenble va-
lue, and the real or cost value of commodities or products. By
the first, or the exchangeable value of a commodity or product,
is meant its power or capacity of exchanging either for other
commodities or for labour; and by the second, or its real or cost
value, is meant the quantity of labour which it required for its
production or appropriation, or rather the quantity which would
be required for the production or appropriation of a similar com-
modity at the time when the investigation is made." (McCulloch in
seiner Edition von A. Smiths "Wealth of Nations", vol. IV, London
1828, p. 85, 86.) "A commodity produced by a certain quantity of
labour will" {when the supply of commodities is equal to the ef-
fectual demand} "uniformly exchange for, or buy any other commo-
dity produced by the same quantity of labour. It will never, ho-
wever, exchange for, or buy exactly the same quantity of labour
that produced it; but though it will not do this, it will always
exchange for, or buy the same quantity of labour as any other
commodity produced under the same circumstances, or by means of
the same quantity of labour, as itself." (l.c.p. 96, 97.) "In
point of fact" (...) "it" (the commodity) "will always exchange
for more" {viz. more labour than that by which was produced};
"and it is this excess that constitutes profits. No capitalist
could have any motive" (...) "to exchange the produce of a given
quantity of labour already performed ¦¦843¦ for the produce of
the same quantity of labour to be performed. This would be to
lend" {"to exchange" would be to "lend"} "without receiving any
interest on the loan." (l.c.p. 96.)
179 "Labour may properly be defined to be any sort of action or
operation, whether performed by man, the lower animals, machi-
nery, or natural agents, thet tends to bring about a desirable
result." (l.c.p. 75.)
181 "M. Say... imputes to him" (A. Smith), "as an error, that 'he
attritutes to the labour of man alone, the power of producing va-
lue. A more correct analysis shows us that value is owing to the
action of labour, or rather the industry of man, combined with
the action of those agents which nature supplies, and with tbot
of capital. His ignorance of this principle prevented him from
establishing the true theory of the influence of machinery in the
produrtion of wealth. 1*)' [45] In contradiction to the opinion
of Adam Smith, M. Say... speaks of the value which is given to
commodities by natural agents" etc. "But these natural agents,
though they add greatly to value in use, never all exchangeable
value, of which M. Say is speaking..." ([Ricardo,] "Principles",
3 ed., p. 334-336.) "Machines and natural agents might very
greatly add to the riches of a country... not... any thing to the
value of those riches." (p. 335, note.)
181 "As it is certain that our physical and moral faculties are
alone our original riches, the employment of those faculties"
(...), "labour of some kind" (...), "is our only original tre-
asure, and tbat it is always from this employment, that all those
things are created which
-----
1*) Bei Ricardo: riches
#556# Anhang und Register
-----
we call riches... It is certain too, that all those t h i n g s
only represent the labour which has created them, and if they
have a value, or even two distinct values, they can only derive
them from that of the labour from which they emanate."
(Ric[ardo], l.c.p. 334.)
182 "In so far, however, as that result" (the result produced by
the action of any thing) "is effected by the labour or operation
of natural agents, that can neither be monopolized nor appropria-
ted by a greater or smaller number of individuals to the exclu-
sion of others, it has no value. What is done by these agents is
done gratuitously." (Mc[Culloch], l.c.p. 75)
183 "The man who sells oil makes no charge for its natural quali-
ties. In estimating its cost he puts down the value of the labour
employed in its pursuit, and such is its value." (Carey, "P. of
Pol. Ec.", Part I, Philadelphia 1837, p. 47.)
183 "The services which... natural agents and machinery perform
for us... are serviccable to us... by adding to value in use; but
as they perform their work gratuitously... the assistance which
they afford us, adds nothing to value in exchange." (Ric[ardo],
p. 336, 337.)
183 ..."natural agent ... monopolized or appropriated by a grea-
ter or smaller number of individuals to the exclusion of
others"... [McCulloch, p. 75, note I.]
183 "If a capitalist expends the same sum in paying the wages of
labourers, in maintaining horses, or in hiring a machine, and if
the men, the horses, and the machine can all perform the same
piece of work, its value will obviously be of the same by whiche-
ver of them it may be 1*) performed." (l.c.p. 77.)
184 "But the value of that change is not increased by, and is in
no degree dependent on, the operation or labour of the natural
agents concerned, but on the amount of capital, or the produce of
previous labour, that co-operated in the production of the ef-
fect; just as the cost of grinding corn does not depend on the
action of the wind or water that turns the mill, but on the
amount of capital wasted in the operation." (p. 79.)
184 "The word labour means... in all discussions respecting va-
lue... either the immediate labour of man, or the labour of the
capital produced by man, or both." (l.c.p. 84.)
185 "The profits of capital are only another name for the wages
of accumulated labour." (Mc[Culloch], "Principles" etc., 1825, p.
291.)
186 "Mr. McCulloch's articles are as unlike as may be to the hea-
venly bodies - but, in one respect, they resemble such luminaries
- they have stated times of return." (Mordecai Mullion, "Some Il-
lustrations of Mr. McCulloch's Principles of Politic. Economy",
Edinburgh 1826, p. 21.)
186 «L'auteur... énonce ainsi les craintes que la baisse des pro-
fits lui inspire. 'L'apparence de prospérité que présente
l'Angleterre, est trompeuse; la plaie de la pauvreté a atteint
secrètement la masse des citoyens, et les fondemens de la puis-
sance et de la grandeur nationale ont été ébranlés... Là où le
taux de l'intérêt est bas, comme en Angleterre, le taux des pro-
fits est également bas et la prospérité de la nation a depasse le
paint culminant.' Ces assertions ne peuvent manquer de surprendre
tous ceux qui connoissent l'état brillant de l'Angleterre.»
([McCulloch. «Discours sur l'économie», traduit par] Prévost,
l.c.p. 197.)
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1*) Bei McCulloch: have been
#557# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
187 Ricardos Regel ["a rise of profits can never be brought about
otherwise than by a fall of wages, nor a fall of profits other-
wise than by a rise of wages"] nur wahr "in those cases in which
the productiveness of industrie remains stationary."
(McCull[och], "Princ. of. P. E." Edinburgh 1825, p. 373.) ...
"Profits depend on the proportion, die sie zum Kapital haben, wo-
von sie produziert sind und nicht von der proportion to the wa-
ges. Ist die Produktivität der Industrie allgemein verdoppelt,
und wird dieser so erhaltne Überfluß zwischen Kapitalist und Ar-
beiter geteilt, so bleibt die Proportion zwischen Kapitalist und
Arbeiter dieselbe, oLgleich die Rate des Profits in bezug auf das
ausgelegte Kapital gestiegen ist. (l.c.p. 373, 374.)
188 "Treating labour as a commodity, and capital, the produce of
labour, as another, then, if the value of these two commodities
were regulated by equal quantities of labour, a given amount of
labour would, under all circumstances, exchange for that quentity
of capital which had been produced by the same amount of labour:
antecedent labour would always exchange for the same amount of
present labour. But the value of labour in relation to other com-
modities, in so far, at least, as wages depend upon share, is de-
termined, not by equal quantities of labour, but by the propor-
tion between supply and demand." (Wakefield Edit. of Smiths
"Wealth of Nations", London 1835, vol. I, p. 230, 231, note.)
188 "Surplus produce [52] always constitutes rent: still rent may
be paid, which does not consist of surplus produce." (l.c., [vol.
II,] p. 216.)
188 "Wenn, wie in Irland the bulk of a people be brought to live
upon potatoes, and in hovels and rags, and to pay, for permission
so to live, all that they can produce beyond hovels, rags, and
potatoes, then, in proportion as they put up with less, the owner
of the land on which they live, obtains more, even though the re-
turn to capital or labour should remain unaltered. What the mi-
serable tenants give up, the landlord gathers. So a fall in the
standard of living amongst the cultivators of the earth is
another cause of surplus produce... When wages fall, the effect
upon surplus produce is the same as a fall in the standard of li-
ving; the whole produce remaining the same, the surplus part is
greater; the producers have less, and the landlord more." (p.
220, 221).
192 "Obgleich tools, materials und buildings selbst das Produkt
der Arbeit sind - ist dennoch das Ganze ihres Werts nicht auflös-
bar in die wages der Arbeiter, von denen sie produziert sind."
{...} "Die Profite, die die Kapitalisten auf diese wages machten,
sind einzurechnen. Der letzte produzierende Kapitalist hat nicht
allein von dem Produkt zu ersetzen die wages, gezahlt von ihm
selbst und dem tool-maker, sondern auch die profits of the tool-
maker, advanced von ihm selbst von seinem eignen Kapital. ([J.
St. Mill, "Essay on some unsettled questions of political eco-
nomy", London 1844], p. 98.) "Ein Artikel kann daher das Produkt
derselben Quantität Arbeit als zuvor sein, und dennoch, wenn eine
Portion des Profits, welche der letzte Produzent gutzumachen hat
dem frühern Produzenten, gespart" (ökonomisiert) "werden kann,
ist die Produktionskost des Artikels vermindert ... Dennoch
bleibt es wahr, daß die rate of profits varies inversely as the
cost of production of wages. (p. 102, 103.)
195 "Dennoch bleibt es wahr, daß die rate of profits varies in-
versely as the cost of production of wages."
195 "Vorausgesetzt, daB z.B. 60 Ackerbauarbeiter empfangen 60
qrs. of corn for their wages, ferner consume fixed capital and
seed amounting zum Wert von ferner 60 qrs., und daß das Produkt
ihrer Operationen = 180 qrs. ist. Den Profit zu 50 p.c. vorausge-
setzt, müssen die seed and tools sich auflösen in das Produkt der
Arbeit von 40 Menschen;
#558# Anhang und Register
-----
denn die wages dieser 40, zusammen mit dem Profit machen 60 qrs.
Basteht das Produkt daher aus 180 qrs., so ist es das Resultat
von 100 men.
Gesetzt nun, die Arbeiten blieben dieselben, aber durch irgend-
eine Erfindung fiele die Assistenz von fixed capital and seed
weg. Ein return von 180 qrs. konnte früher nicht erhalten werden
ohne Auslage von 120, jetzt durch eine Auslage von nicht mehr als
100.
Die 180 qrs. noch das Resultat derselben Qusntität von Arbeit wie
früher, die Arbeit von 100 men. Ein Quarter Korn daher ist noch
das Produkt von 10/18 von eines Mannes Arbeit. Denn ein Quarter
Korn, welches die Remuneration eines einzelnen Arbeiters ist, ist
in der Tat das Produkt derselben Arbeit als früher; aber seine
Produktionskost hat sich nichtsdestoweniger vermindert; es ist
nun das Produkt von 10/18 eines Mannes Arbeit und sonst nichts;
während früher erfordert war für seine Produktion diese Quantität
Arbeit plus an expenditure, in der Form von reimbursement of pro-
fit, amonnting zu 1/5 mehr. Wenn die Produktionskost of wages
dieselbe wie früher geblieben wäre, hätten profits nicht fallen
1*) können. Jeder Arbeiter hätte 1 qr. Korn empfangen; aber 1 qr.
Korn zu der Zeit war das Resultat derselben Produktionskost wie
1 1/5 qr. now. In order daher, daß jeder Arbeiter dieselbe Pro-
duktionskost empfangen könne, muß jeder ein qr. Korn empfangen +
1/5." (p. 99-103.)
196 "Annehmend daher, daß der Arbeiter in demselben Artikel ge-
zahlt wird, in dem er produziert, ist es evident, daß, wenn ir-
gendein saving of expense Platz greift in der Produktion dieses
Artikels, wenn der Arbeiter ferner dieselbe cost of production
empfängt wie zuvor, er eine increased quantity empfangen muß, in
demselben ratio, worin die produktive Macht des Kapitals gewach-
sen ist. Aber wenn so, wird die Auslage des Kapitalisten exakt
dieselbe Proportion zu seiner Return haben wie früher und Profits
nicht steigen. Die variations daher in the rate of profits und in
the cost of production of wages gehn Hand in Hand und sind unzer-
trennlich. Die Meinung Ricardos ist daher genau richtig, wenn er
unter low wages nicht nur wages versteht, die das Produkt einer
kleinern Quantität von Arbeit sind, sondern wages, die zu mindrer
Kost produziert sind, eingerechnet labour and previaus profits
together." (l.c.p. 104.)
198 "Den Profit zu 50 p.c. vorausgesetzt, müssen die seed und
tools sich auflösen in das Produkt der Arbeit von 40 Menschcn;
denn die wages dieser 40 zusammen mit dem Profit, machen 60 qrs."
[p. 99.]
206 "es ist nun das Produkt von 10/18 eines Mannes Arbeit und
sonst nichts" (...), "während früher erfordert war für seine Pro-
duktion die Konjunktion dieser Quantität Arbeit + an expenditure
in der Form von reimbursement of profit, amounting to 1/5 mehr."
[p. 102, 103.]
218 "To a country in the condition of England, the importance of
a foreign market must be measured not by the quantity of finished
goods which it receives, but by the quantity of the elements of
reproduction which it returns." (R. Torrens, "A letter to Sir R.
Peel etc. on the condition of England etc.", 2nd ed., Lond. 1843,
p. 275.)
219 ..."the value of cotton fabrics will decline in relation to
the elementary cost of their production." [l.c.p. 240.]
222 "Wenn die Produktionskost of wages dieselbe wie früher
geblieben wäre, hätten Profits nicht fallen (steigen?) 2*) kön-
nen. Jeder Arbeiter hätte ein qr. Korn empfangen; aber 1 qr. Korn
zu der Zeit war das Resultat derselben Produktionskost wie 1 1/5
qr. now. In order
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1*) Bei Mill: risen (steigen) - 2*) Bei Mill: risen (steigen)
#559# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
daher, daß jeder Arbeiter dieselbe Produktionskost empfangen
könne, muß jeder 1 qr. empfangen + 1/5. (l.c.p. 103.)
222 "Annehmend daher, daß der Arbeiter in demselben Artikel ge-
zahlt wird, den er produziert, ist evident, daß, wenn irgendein
saving of expense Platz greift in der Produktion dieses Artikels,
wenn der Arbeiter noch empfängt dieselbe cost of production als
zuvor, er eine increased quantity empfangen muß, in derselben ra-
tio, worin die productive power des Kapitals angewachsen ist.
Aber wenn so, wird die Auslage des Kapitalisten exakt dieselbe
Proportion zu seinem Return haben wie früher und profits nicht
steigen." (...) "Die variations daher in der rate of profits und
denen in der cost of production of wages, gehn Hand in Hand und
sind unzertrennlich. Die Meinung von Ricardo ist daher genau
richtig, wenn er unter low wages nicht nur wages versteht, die
das Produkt einer geringren Quantität von Arbeit sind, sondern
wages, die zu mindrer Kost produziert, eingerechnet labour und
previous profits together." (l.c.p. 104.)
225 "The only expression of the law of profits ... is, that they
depend upon the cost of production of wages." (l.c.p. 104, 105.)
232 "Capital, strictly speaking, has no productice power. Die
einzige produktive Macht ist die der Arbeit; assistiert, zwei-
felsohne von tools and acting upon machinery 1*)." (l.c.p. 90.)
232 "Productive power of capital ist nichts als die Quantität der
realen produktiven Macht, welche der Kapitalist vermittelst sei-
nes Kapitals kommandieren kann." (l.c.p. 91.)
Einundzwanzigstes Kapitel
235 "Whatever may be due to the capitalist" (...) "he can only
receive the surplus labour of the labourer; for the labourer must
live." ("The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties etc.
A Letter to Lord John Russell", London 1821, (anonym), p. 23.)
235 "If capital does not decrease in value as it increases in
amount, the capitalists will exact from the labourers the produce
of every hour's labour beyond what it is possible for the labou-
rer to subsist on: and however horrid and disgusting it may seem,
the capitalist may eventually speculate on the food that requires
the least labour to produce it, and eventually say to the labou-
rer, 'You sha'n't eat bread, because barley meal is cheaper; you
sha'n't eat meat, because it is possible to subsist on beet root
and potatoes.' And to this point have we come!" (p. 23, 24.)
235 "If the labourer can be brought to feed on potatoes instead
of bread, it is indisputably true that more can be exacted from
his labour; i.e., if when he fed on bread he was obliged to re-
tain for the maintenance of himself and family the labour of Mon-
day and Tuesday, he will, on potatoes, receive only the half of
Monday; and the remaining half of Monday and the whole of Tuesday
are available either for the service of the state or the capita-
list. (l.c.p. 26.)
235 "It is admitted that the interest paid to the capitalists,
wether in the nature of rents, interests of money, or profits of
trade, is paid out of the labour of others." (p. 23.)
236 "Suppose... there is no surplus labour, consequently, nothing
that can be allowed to accumulate as capital. (p. 4.)
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1*) Bei J. St. Mill: materials
#560# Anhang und Register
-----
236 ..."the possessors of the surplus produce, or capital."
(l.c.)
236 "The natural and necessary consequence of an increased capi-
tal, is its decreasing value." (p. 21, 22.)
236 "Why set out by telling us that no accumulation of capital
will lower profits, because nothing will lower profits but in-
creased wages, when it appears that if population does not in-
crease with capital, wages would increase from the disproportion
between capital and labour; and if population does increase, wa-
ges would increase from the difficalty of producing food." (p.
23.)
236 "If it were possible, to continue to increase capital nnd
keep up the value of capital, which is proved by the interest of
money continuing the same, the interest to be paid for capital
would soon exceed the whole produce of labour ... capital tends
in more than arithmetical progression to increase capital. It is
admitted that the interest paid to the capitalists, whether in
the nature of rents, interests of money, or profits of trade, is
paid out of the labour of others. Consequently, if 1*) capital go
on accumulating the labour to be given for the use of capital
must go on increasing, interest paid for capital continuing the
same, till all the labour of all the labourers of the society is
engrossed by the capitalist. But this is impossible to happen;
for whatever may be due to the capitalist, he can only reccive
the surplw labour of the labourer; for the labourer must live."
(p. 23.)
248 "Suppose the whole labour of the country to raise just suffi-
cient for the support of the whole population; it is evident
there is no surplus labour, consequently, nothing that can be al-
lowed to accumulate as capital. Suppose the whole labour of the
country to raise as much in one year as would maintain it two
years, it is evident one year's consumption must perish, or for
one year men most cease from productive labour. But the posses-
sors of the surplus produce, or capital, will neither maintain
the population the following year in idleness, nor allow the pro-
duce to perish; they will employ them upon something not directly
and immediately productive, for instance, in the erection of ma-
chinery, etc. But the third year, the whole population may again
return to productive labour, and the machinery erected in the
last year coming now in operation, klar, daß das Produkt größer
als das des ersten Jahrs, denn das produce der machinery in addi-
tion. Dies surplus produce, also noch mehr, must perish or be put
to use us before; und diese usance fügt wieder der productive po-
wer der Gesellschaft hinzu, bis men must cease from productive
labour for a time, or the produce of their labour must perish.
Dies die palpable consequence in the simplest state of society."
(p. 4, 5.)
248 "The demand of other countries is limited, not only by our
power to produce, bot by their power to produce." {...} "For do
what you will, in a series of years the whole world can take
little more of us, than we take of the world, so that all your
foreign trade, of which there is so much talking, never did, ne-
ver could, nor never can, add one shilling, or one doit to the
wealth of the country, as for every bale of silk, chest of tea,
pipe of wine that ever was imported, something of equal value was
exported; and even the profits made by our merchants in their
foreign trade are paid by the consumer of the return goods here."
(p. 17, 18.)
249 "Foreign trade is mere barter and exchange for the conveni-
ence and enjoyment of the capitalist: he has not a hundred bo-
dies, nor a hundred legs: he cannot consume, in cloth
-----
1*) In der Schrift: If then
#561# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
and cotton stockings, all the cloth and cotton stockings that are
manufactured; therefore they are exchanged for wines and silks;
but those wines anl silks represent the surplus labour of our own
population, as much as the cloths and cottons, and in this way
the destructive power of the capitalist is increased begond all
bounds: - by foreign trade the capitalists contrive to outwit na-
tur, who had put a 1000 natural limits to their exactions, and to
their wishes to exact; there is no limit now, either to their po-
wer, or desires." (l.c.p. 18.)
249 "It is the infinite variety of wants, and of the kinds of
commodities" {...} "necessarg to their gratisfication, which
alone renders the passion for wealth" {...} "indefinite and insa-
tiable." (Wakeield, Ed. v. A. Smith, London 1835, t. I, p. 64,
note.)
250 "Interest paid to the capitalists, whether in the nature"
(...) "of rents, interests of money, or profits of trade." (["The
Source and Remedg of the National Difficulties...", London 1821,]
p. 23.)
251 "The progress of increasing capital would, in established so-
cieties, be marked by the decreasing interest of money, or, what
comes to the same, the decreasing quantity of the labour of
others that would be given for its use." (p. 6.)
251 "Wahrhaft reich ist eine Nation erst, wenn kein Zins für Ka-
pital gezahlt wird; wenn statt 12 Stunden nur 6 gearbeitet wird.
Wealth is disposable time, and nothing more." (p. 6.)
254 "To teach that the wealth and power of a nation depend on its
capital, is to make industry ancillary to riches, to make men
subservient to property." (Piercy Ravenstone, M.A. "Thoughts on
the Funding Sgstem, and its Effects", London 1824, p. 7.)
258 Es sind die "wants" der Armen, die "constitute his" (des Rei-
chen) "wealth... Wären alle gleich, so würde keiner für den an-
dern arbeiten. The necessaries of life would be over abundant
whilst its comforts were entirely wanting." (p. 10.) "The indu-
stry which produces is the parent of property: that which aids
consumption is its child." (p. 12.) "The growth of property, this
greater ability to maintain idle men, and unproductive industry,
that in political economy is called capital." (p. 13.) "As the
destination of property is expense, as without that it is wholly
useless to its owner, its existence is intimately connected with
that ¦¦863¦ of the industry of consumption." (l.c.)
258 "If each man's labour were but enough to procure his own
food, there could be no property, and no part of a people's indu-
stry could be turned away to work for the wants of the imagina-
tion." (p. 14, 15.)
258 "In every stage of society, as increased numbers and better
contrivances add to each man's power of production, the number of
those who labour is gradually diminished... Property grows from
the improvement of the means of production; its sole business is
encouragement of idleness. When each man's labour is barely suf-
ficient for his own subsistence, as there car be no property,
there will be no idle man. When one man's labour can maintain
five, there will be four idle men for one employed in production:
in no other way can the produce be consumed ... the obiect of so-
ciety is to magnify the idle at the expense of the industrious,
to create power out of plenty." (p. 11.)
258 "In the early stages of society, when men have no artificial
assistance to their powers of industry, the proportion of their
earnings which cen be afforded to rent is exceedingly small: for
land has no natural value, it owes all its produce to industry.
But every increase of skill adds to the proportion which can be
reserved for rent. Wo die Arbeit von 9
#562# Anhang und Registet
-----
erheischt für den Unterhalt von 10, kann nur 1/10 des gross pro-
duce to rent gehn. Wo 1 Mannes Arbeit für 5 genügt, 4/5 will go
to rent oder andren charges des state which can only be provided
for out of the surplus produce of industry. Das erste scheint der
Fall in England gewesen zu sein zur Zeit der Conquest; das zweite
jetzt, wo nur 1/5 im Ackerbau beschäftigt ist." (p. 45, 46.) "So
true it is that society turns every improvement but to the in-
crease of idleness." (p. 48.)
259 "Der ganze Krieg gegen die Französische Revolution has achie-
ved no higher adventure than the turning a few Jews into gentle-
men, and a few blockheads into political economists." (p. 66,
67.) "Ein Gutes des debt system, obgleich es raubt a large por-
tion of their property of the ancient gentry of the land, to
transfer it to these new fangled hidalgos as a reward for their
skill in the arts of fraud and peculation ... If it encourage
fraud and meanness; If it clothe quackery and pretension in the
garb of wisdom; if it turn a whole people in a nation of job-
bers... if it break down all the prejudices of rank and birth to
render money the only distinction among men... it destroys the
perpetuity of property." (p. 51, 52.)
263 "Productive capital and skilled labour are [also] one. Capi-
tal and a labouring population are precisely synonymous."
[Hodgskin, "Labour defended against the claims of capital...",
London 1825, p. 33.]
263 « he vera ricchezza... I'Uomo...» (Galiani, «Della Moneta»,
Custodi. Parte moderna. t. III, p. 229.)
263 "Capital is a sort of cabbalastic word, like church or state,
or any other of those general terms which are invented by those
who fleece the rest of mankind to conceal the hand tkat shears
them." ("Labour defended...", p. 17.)
264 "Aber the effects attributed to a stock of commodities, under
the name of circulating capital, are caused by coexisting la-
bour." (p. 9.)
272 "The effects attributed to a stock of commodities, under the
name circulating capital, are caused by coexisting labour." (p.
9.)
272 "Do all the capitalists of Europe possess at this moment one
week's food and clothing for all the labourers they employ? Let
us first examine the question as to food. One portion of the food
of the people is bread, which is never prepared till within a few
hours of the time when it is eaten ... The produce of the baker,
cannot be stored up. In no case can the material of bread, whe-
ther it exist as corn or flour, be preserved without continual
labour. Die Konviktion des Arbeiters des cotton spinner, that he
will obtain bread when he requires it, and his master's convic-
tion that the money he pays him will enable him to obtain it,
arise simply from the fact that the bread has always been obtai-
ned when required." (l.c.p. 10.)
272 "Another article of the labourer's food is milk, and milk is
manufactured... twice a day. If it be said that the cattle to
supply it are already there; why the answer is, they require con-
stant attention and constant labour, and their food, through the
greater part of the year, is of daily growth. The fields in which
they pasture, require the hand of man. Ebenso mit dem meat; it
cannot be stored up, for it begins instantly do deteriorate after
it is brought to market." (p. 10.)
273 ..."only a very small stock is ever prepared, compared to the
general consumption. (p. 11)
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273 "Mill sagt mit Recht: 'what is annually produced is annually
consumed', so that, in fact, to enable men to carry on all those
operations which extend beyond a year, there cannot be any stock
of commodities stored up. Those who undertake them must rely,
therefore, not on any commodities already created, but that other
men will labour and produce what they are to subsist on till
their own product are completed. Thus, should the labourer admit
that some accumulation of circulating capital is necessary for
operations terminated within the year ... it is plain, that in
all operations which extend bayond a year, the labourer dors not,
and he cannot, rely on accamulated capital." (l.c.p. 12.)
273 "If we duly consider the number and importance of those
wealthproducing operation which are not completed within the
year, and the numberless products of daily labour, necessary to
subsistence, which are consumed as soon as produced, we shall be
sensible that the success and productive power of every different
species of labour is at all times more dependant on the co-exi-
sting productive labour of other men than on any accumulating of
circulating capital. (p. 13.)
273 "It is by the command the capitalist possesses over the la-
bour of some men, not by his possessing a stock of commodities,
that he is enabled to support and consequently employ other la-
bourers." (p. 14.)
273 "The only thing which can be said to be stored up or pre-
viously prepared, is the skill of the labourer." (p. 12.)
273 "All the effects usually attributed to accumulation of circu-
lating capital are derived from the accamulation and storing up
of skilled labour, and this most important oparation is perfor-
med, as far as the great mass of the labourers is concerned wi-
thout any circalating capital whatever." (p. 13.)
273 "The number of labourers must at all times depend on the
quantity of circulating capital; or, as I should say, on the
quantity of the products of co-existing labour, which labourers
are allowed to consume..." (p. 20.)
273 "Circulating capital... is created only for consumption;
while fixed capital... is made, not to be consumed, but to aid
the labourer in producing those things which are to be consumed."
(p. 19.)
289 "It is by the command the capitalist possesses over the la-
bour of some men, not by his possessing a stock of commodities,
that he is enabled to support and consequently employ other la-
bourers." (p. 14.)
290 "All the effects usually attributed to accumulation of circu-
lating capital are derived from the accumulation and storing up
of skilled labour and this most important operation is performed,
as far as the great mass of the labourers is concerned, without
any circulating capital whatever." (p. 13.)
290 "The number of labourers must at all times depend on the
quantity of circalating capital; or, as I should say, on the
quantity of the products of co-existing labour, which labourers
are allowed to consume..." (p. 20.)
291 «Wal couvrir, fortifier; vallo, valeo; vallus couvre et for-
tifie, valor est la force elle-même.» Hence valeur, value.
"Vergleiche mit Wal germanice: Walle, walte, Anglian wall,
wield." [Chavée, «Essai d'étymologie philosophique», Bruxelles
1844, p. 70.]
292 "All instruments and machines are the produce of labour."
(Hodgskin. "Labour defended...",] p. 14.) "As long as they are
merely the result of previaus labour, and are not
#564# Anhang und Register
-----
applied to their respective uses by labourers, they do not repay
the expense of marking them ... most of them diminish in value
from being kept ... Fixed capital does not derive its utility
from previous, but present labour; and does not bring its owner a
profit because it has been stored up, but because it is ameans of
obtaining command over labour." (p. 14, 15.)
292 "After any instruments have been made, what do they effect?
Nothing. On the contrary they begin to rust or decay unless used
or applied by labour." (p. 15.) "Whether an instrument shall be
regarded as productive capital or not, depends entirely on its
being used, or not, by some productive labourer." (p. 15, 16.)
292 "One easily comprehends why... the ruad-maker should receive
some of the benefits, accruing only to the road user; but I do
not comprehend why all these benefits should go to the road
itself, and be appropriated by a set of persons who neither make
nor use it, under the name of profit for their capital." (p. 16.)
292 "The vast utility of the steam-engine does not depend on sto-
red up iron and wood, but on that practical and living knowlelge
of the powers of nature which enables some men to construct it,
and others to guide it." (p. 17.)
292 "Without knowledge they" (the machines) "could not be inven-
ted, without manual skill and dexterity they could not be made,
and without skill and labour they could not be productively used.
But there is nothing than the knowledge, skill, and labour re-
quired, on which the capitalist can found a claim to any share of
the produce." (p. 18.)
292 "After he" (man) "has inherited the knowledge of several ge-
nerations, and when he lives congregated into great masses, he is
enabled by his mental faculties to complete the work of nature."
(l.c.)
292 "It is not the quantity but the quality of the fixed capital
on which the productive industry of a country depends ... fixed
capital as a means of nourishing and supporting men, depends for
its efficiency, altogether on the skill of the labourer, and con-
sequently the productive industry of a country, as far as fixed
capital is concerned, is in proportion to the knowledge and skill
of the people." (p. 19, 20.)
292 "A mere glance must satisfy every mind that simple proft does
not decrease but increase in the progress of society - i.e., the
same quantity of labour which at any former period produced 100
qrs. of wheat, and 100 steam engines, will now produce somewhat
more... In fact, also, we find that a much greater number of per-
sons now live in opulence on profit in this country than for-
merly. It is clear, however, that no labour, no productive power,
no ingenuity, and no art, con answer the overwhelming demands of
compound interest. But all saving is made from the revenue of the
capitalist" (also vom simple profit), "so that actually these de-
mands are constantly made, and as constantly the productive power
of labour refuses to satisfy them. A sort of balance is, there-
fore, constantly struck." (p. 23.)
296 "No labour, no productive power, no ingenuity, and no art,
can answer the overwhelming demands of compound interest. But all
saving is made from the revenue of the capitalist" (also vom sim-
ple profit), "so that actually these demands are constantly made,
and as constantly the productive power of labour refuses to sa-
tisfy them. A sort of balance is, therefore, constantly struck."
(l.c.p. 23.)
300 "It is very material, with reference to labour, whether you
distribute them" (goods, Waren) "so as to induce a greater supply
of labour or a less: whether you distribute them where they will
be conditions for labour, or where they will be opportunities for
idleness." ("An
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-----
Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand
etc.", London 1821. p. 57.) "That increased supply of labour is
promoted by the increased numbers of mankind." (l.c.p. 58.) "The
not being able to command so much labour as before, too, is only
important where the labour would produce no more tban before. If
labour has been rendered more productive, production will not be
checked, though the existing mass of commodities should command
less labour than before." (l.c.p. 60.)
301 "The author of 'Essay on the Application of Capital to Land'
says, that more will be given for labour when there is most in-
crease of stock, and that... will be when the profits on stock
are highest. 'The greater the profits of stock', he adds, 'the
higher will be the wages of labour'. The fault of this is, that a
word or two is left out. 'The greater have been the profits of
stock', ... 'the higher utill be the wages of labour' ... The
high profits and the high wages are not simultaneous; they do not
occur in the same bargain; the one counteracts the other, and re-
duces it to a level. It might as well be argued, 'the supply of a
commodity is most rapid when the price is highest, therefore,
large supply and high price go together'. It is a mixing up of
cause and effect." (l.c.p. 100, 101.)
303 "In pretending to stave off the expenses of the present hour
to a future day, in contending that you can burthen posterity to
supply the wants of the existing generation, behaupten sie das
Absurde, tkat you can consume what does not yet exist, that you
can feed on provisions before their seed have been sown in the
earth." (R[auenstone,] l.c.p. 8.) "All the wisdom of our states-
men will have ended in a great transfer of property from one
class of persons to another, in creating an enormous fund for the
reward of jobs and peculation. (l.c.p. 9.)
306 ..."an increase of demand for necessaries, in proportion to
that for superfluities, as compared with what would have been the
proportion between those two sorts of demand, if he had exerted
that command to procure things for his own consumption." (...)
"Necessaries will thereby exchange for more of things in gene-
ral... And, in part, at least, these necasseries will be food."
("An Inquiry into those Principles" etc., p. 22.)
307 "At all events, then, the increased price of corn was not the
original cause of that rise of wages which made profits fall,
but, on the contrary, the rise of wages was the cause of the in-
creased price of corn at first, and the nature of land, yielding
less and less proportional returns to increased tillage, made
part of that increase of price permanent, prevented a complete
reaction from taking place through the principle of population."
(l.c.p. 23.)
307 "Almost every product of art and skill is the result of joint
and combined labour." (...) "So dependent is man on man, and so
much does this dependence increase as society advances, that
hardly any labour of any single individual... is of the least va-
lue but as forming a part of the great social task." {...}
"...Wherever the division of labour is introduced the judgment of
other men intervenes before the labourer can realise his ear-
nings, and there is no longer any thing which we can call the ma-
terial 1*) reward of individual labour. Each labourer produces
only some part of a whole, and each part, having no value or uti-
lity of itself, there is nothing on which the labourer can seize,
and say, 'this is my product, this I will keep to myself.' Bet-
ween the commencement of any joint operation, such as that of ma-
king cloth, and the division of its product among the different
persons whose combined exertions have produced it, the judgment
of men must intervene
-----
1*) Bei Hodgskin: natural
#566# Anhang und Register
-----
several times, and the question is, how much of this joint pro-
duct should go to each of the individuals whose united labour
produced it?" ([Hodgskin,] "Labour defended etc.", p. 25.)
308 "I know no way of deciding this ¦¦890¦ but by leaving it to
be settled by the unfettered judgments of the labourers themsel-
ves." (l.c.)
308 "I must add, that it is doubtfnl whether one species of la-
bour is more valuable than another; certainly it is not more ne-
cessary." (p. 26.)
308 "Masters are labourers as well as their journeymen. In this
character their interest is precisely the same as that of their
men. But they are also either capitalists or the agents of the
capitalist, and in this respect their interest is decidedly oppo-
sed to the interest of their workmen." (l.c.p. 27.)
308 "The wide spread of education among the journeymen mechanics
of this country, diminishes daily the value of the labour and
skill of almost all masters and employers, by increasing the num-
bers of persons who possess their peculiar knowledge." (p. 30.)
308 "The capitalist is the oppressive middleman between the dif-
ferent labourers." Schließt man ihn aus, so "it is plain that ca-
pital, or the power to employ labour, and co-existing labour are
one; and productive capital and skilled labour are also one; con-
sequently capital and a labouring population are precisely syn-
onymous. In the system of nature, mouths are united with hands
and with intelligence." (p. 33.)
309 "Easy labour is only transmitted skill." (Th. Hodgskin,
"Popular Political Economy.. London 1827, p. 48.)
309 "Da alle von der Teilung der Arbeit abgeleiteten Vorteile
sich naturally centre in, and belong to the labourers, if they
are deprived of them und im progress of society nur die sich be-
reichern by their improved skill who never labour, - this must
arise from unjust appropriation; from usurpation and plunder in
the party enriched, und von consenting submission in the party
impoverished." (p. 108, 109.) "Die Arbeiter vermehren sich aller-
dings zu rasch, wenn that multiplication is only compared with
the want of the capitalist for their services." (l.c.p. 120.)
310 "Malthus points out the effects which an increase in the num-
ber of labourers has in lessening the share which each one recei-
ves of the annual produce, - the portion of that distributed
amongst them being a definite and determinate quantity, not regu-
lated in any degree by what they annually create." (l.c.p. 126.)
310 "Labour, the exclusive standard of value", aber "labour, the
creator of all wealth, no commodity. (l.c.p. 186.)
310 "As a man can dispose of small portions of produce that is
corruptible, for what is incorruptible, he is under no temptation
to throw it away; and thus the use of money adds to wealth, by
preventing waste." (p. 197.)
310 "Der Hauptvorteil des retailtrade: Weil die quantity, worin
die Waren am besten produziert werden, nicht die ist, worin sie
am besten verteilt werden." (l.c.p. 146.)
310 "Both the theory relative to capital, and the practice of
stopping labour at that point where it can produce, in addition
to the subsistence of the labourer, a profit for the capitalist,
seem opposed to the natural laws which regulate production." (p.
238.)
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-----
310 "Man betrachte z.B. fixed Kapital, günstigste Position für
die idea of capital aiding production three classes von Umständen
zu unterscheiden, worin die Akkumulation von Kapital sehr diffe-
rent.
1. Wenn made and used by the same persons. Versteht sich von
selbst; every accumulation in his possession of the instruments
he makes and uses, facilitates his labour. Das limit solcher ac-
cumulation ist die power der labourer to make and use the instru-
ment in question.
2. when made and used by different persons, who share between
them in just proportion the produce of their combined labour. Ein
Arbeiter macht und der andere benutzt das Kapital; they divide
the commodity in proportion as each has contributed by his labour
to produce it ... I should rather express this fact, however, by
saying, that a part of the society being employed in making in-
struments, while another part uses them, is a branch of division
of labour which aids productive power and adds to the general
wealth. As long as the produce of the two classes of labourers is
divided between them, the accumulation and increase of such in-
struments as they can make and use, is as beneficial as if they
were made and used by one person.
3. Wenn owned by a class of persons who neither make nor use it.
The capitalist being the mere owner of the instruments, is not,
as such, a labourer. He in no manner assists production." {...}
"He a c q u i r e s p o s s e s s i o n of the produce of one
labourer, which he makes over to another, either for a time, wie
bei den most kinds of fixed capital, or for ever, as is the case
with wages, - whenever he thinks it can be used or consumed for
his advantage. He never does allow the produce of one labourer,
when it comes into his possession, to be either used or consumed
by another, unless it is for his benefit. He employs or lends his
property to share the prodace, or natural revenue, of labourers;
and every accumulation of such property in his hands is a mere
extension of his power over the produce of labour, and retards
the progress of national wealth. This at present the case... When
the capitalist, being the owner of all the produce, will allow
labourers neither to make nor use instruments, unless he obtains
a profit over and above the subsistence of the labourer, it is
plain that bounds are set to productive labour much within what
nature prescribes. In proportion as capital in the hands of a
third party is accumulated, so the whole amount of profit re-
quired by the capitalist increases, and so there arises an arti-
ficial check to production and population... In the present state
of society, the labourers being in no case the owners of capital,
every accumulation of it adds to the amount of profit demanded
from them, and extinguishes all that labour which would only pro-
cure the labourer his comfortable subsistence ... when it is ad-
mitted that labour produces all things, even capital, it is non-
sense to attribute productive power to the instruments labour ma-
kes and uses ... wages facilitate not production, like instru-
ments 1*). Labour, not capital, pays all wages." [l.c.p. 243-247]
311 "Die meisten advances der capitalists bestehn in promises to
pay...
Die Erfindung und Anwendung des Papiergelds hat enthüllt, daß Ka-
pital durchaus nicht ist something saved. Solange der Kapitalist,
um seinen wealth zu realisieren oder other people's labour zu
kommandieren, in seinem Besitz haben müßte an actual accumulation
of preciaus metals or commodities, könnte man suppose, daß die
accumulation of capital das Resultat of an actual saving, und daß
von ihm der Fortschritt der Gesellschaft
-----
1*) Bei Hodgskin: wages do not, like instruments, facilitate pro-
duction.
#568# Anhang und Register
-----
schaft abhänge. Aber sobald Papiergeld und Pergamentsecurities
erfunden, wenn der Besitzer von nichts als such a piece of parch-
ment received an annual revenue in pieces of paper, womit er al-
les erhielt, was immer nötig für seinen Gebrauch oder Konsum, and
not giving away all the pieces of paper, was riches at the end of
the year tban at the beginning, or was entitled next year to re-
ceive a still greater number of pieces of paper, obtaining a
still greater command over the produce of labour, wurde es zur
Evidenz klar, daß Kapital nichts Erspartes, und daß der indivi-
dual capitalist sich nicht bereichert durch an actual and mate-
rial saving, sondern doing something which enabled him ... to ob-
tain more of the produce of other people's 1*) labour....
The master manufacturer has either money or paper with which he
pays wages; those wages his labourer exchanges for the produce of
other labourers, who will not keep the wages, whether money or
paper; and it is returned to the manufacturer, who gives in
exchange for it the cloth which his own labourers have made. With
it he again pays wages, and the money or paper again goes the
same round...
Ist zugeschoben to his property" (des Kapitalisten) "merely, whe-
ther he employ it to pay wages, or whether it consist in useful
instruments, all that vast assistance, which knowledge and skill,
when realized in machinery, give to labour... The united labours
of the miner, the smelter, the smith, the engineer, the stoker,
and of numberless other persons, and not the lifeless machines,
perform whatever is done by steam engines... By the common mode
of speaking. the productive power of this skill is attributed to
its visible prodacts, the instruments, the mere owners of which,
who neither make nor use them, imagine themselves to be very pro-
ductive persons." (p. 248-251.)
312 "Wie die Population wächst, both increased production and
consumption take place, which is all that is ever meant by the
terms accumulation or increase of national wealth." (l.c.p. 257.)
312 "At present, all the wealth of society goes first into the
possession of the capitalist, and even most of the land has been
purchased by him; he pays the landowner his rent, the labourer
his wages, the tax and the tithe gatherer their claims, and keeps
a large, indeed the largest, and a continually augmenting share,
of the annual produce of labour for himself. The capitalist may
now be said to be the first owner of all the wealth of the commu-
nity; though no law has conferred on him the right to this pro-
perty." ([Hodgskin,] "The Natural and Artificial Right of Pro-
perty Contrasted", London 1832, p. 98.)
313 "This change has been effected by the tabing of interest on
capital, and by the process of compound interest; and it is not a
little curious, that all the lawgivers of Europe endeavoured to
prevent this by statutes, vic, statutes against usury." (l.c.p.
98, note.)
313 "The power of the capitalist over all the wealth of the coun-
try, is a complete change in the right of property, and by which
law, or series of laws, was it effected )" (l.c.p. 99.)
315 "Soll der Arbeiter unter dem jetzigen System reich werden, so
muß er, statt seine eigne Arbeit auszutauschen, ein Kapitalist
werden oder Austauscher of the labour of other poople; und so,
andre in derselben Weise plündernd, worin er selbst geplündert
worden war, durch das Medium of unequal exchanges, wird er befä-
higt from the small losses of other people große Gewinne zu er-
werben." (Bray (J.F.), "Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy
etc.", Leeds 1839, p. 57.)
-----
1*) Bei Hodgskin: men's
#569# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
Zweiundzwanzigstes Kapitel
320 ..."the transport of commodities from one place to another."
(Ramsay, George, "An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth", Edin-
burgh 1836, p. 19.)
320 ..."the seed of the agriculturist, and the raw material of
the manufacturer." (p. 22, 23.)
320 ..."manure of all kinds, fences for agriculture, and the fuel
consumed in manufacturies." (l.c.p. 23.)
320 "Circulating capital besteht nur of subsistence und other ne-
cessaries advanced to the workmen, provious to the completion of
the produce of their labour." (l.c.)
321 "Fixed capital alone, not circulating, is properly speaking a
source of national wealth." (p. 23.) "Labour and fixed capital
are the only elements of expense of production." (p. 28.)
321 "Were we to suppose the labourers not to be paid until the
completion of the product, there would be no occasion whatever
for circulating capital. Die Produktion würde ebenso groß sein.
Dies beweist 1*), that circulating capital is not an immediate
agent of 2*) production not 3*) even essential to it at all, but
merely a convenience rendered necessary by the deplorable poverty
of the mass of the people." (p. 24.) "Das fixed capital alone
constitutes an element of cost of production in a national point
of view." (p. 26.)
322 ..."a portion of the national wealth, employed, or meant to
be employed, in favouring reproduction." [p. 21.]
322 "A circulating capital will always maintain more labour than
that formerly bestowed upon itself. Because, could it employ no
more than had been previously bestowed upon itself, what advan-
tage could arise to the owner from the use of it as such?" (p.
49.) "Oder will man versichern 4*), daß die quantity of labour
which any circulating capital will employ is no more than equal
to that previously bestowed upon it. Das hieße, daß the value of
the capital expended was 5*) equal to that of the product." (p.
52.)
323 "Circulating capital" z.B.. "raised by the labour of 100 men,
wird 150 Mann in Bewegung setzen. Therefore the product at the
end of the year, wird in diesem Falle sein das result der Arbeit
von 150." (p. 50.)
323 "Therefore the product at the end of the year, will be, in
this case, the result of the labour of 150 men. [p. 50.]
324 "The use of fixed capital modifies to a considerable extent
the principle that value depends upon quantity of labour. For
some commodities on which the same quantity of labour has been
expended, require very different periods before they are fit for
consumption. But as during this time the capital brings no re-
turn, in order tbot the employment in question should not be less
lucrative than others in which the product is sooner ready for
use, it is necessary that the commodity, when at last brought to
market, should be increased in value by all that 6*) amount of
profit withheld. Dies zeigt, wie capital may regulate value inde-
pendently of labour." (p. 43.)
-----
1*) Bei Ramsay: industry would be carried on on a scale quite as
great. Nothing can prove more strongly - 2*) bei Ramsay: in - 3*)
bei Ramsay: nor - 4*) bei Ramsay: There is no possible way of es-
caping this conclusion, except by asserting - 5*) bei Ramsay: is
- 6*) bei Ramsay: the
#570# Anhang und Register
-----
325 ..."employment of capital 1*) should not be less ¦¦1089¦
lucrative than others." [p. 43.]
325 ..."Capital is a source of value independent of labour." (p.
55.)
325 "Die Quelle des Profits ist das law der material world, wo-
nach die beneficence of nature when aided and directed by the la-
bour and skill of men, gives 80 ample a return to national indu-
stry as to leave a surplus of products over and above what = ab-
solutely necessary for replacing in kind the fixed capital consu-
med, and for perpetuating the race of labourers employed." [p.
205.]
325 ..."to perpetuate the race of labourers. [p. 205.]
326 ..."deplorable poverty of the mass of the population 2*) [p.
24.]
326 ..."perpetuates the race of labourers..." [p. 205.]
326 "Let the gross produce be ever so little more than is
strictly essential for the above purposes, and the separation of
a distinct revenue from the general mass, under the appellation
of profit, and belonging to another class of men, becomes possi-
ble." (p. 205.) "The very existence of the master-capitalists 3*)
as a distinct class is dependent on the productiveness of indu-
stry." (p. 206.)
326 Das Steigen der Preise in einigen Industriezweigen, beim
Steigen der Salaire "by no means exempted the master-capitalists
from suffering in their profits, nor even at all diminished their
total loss, but ouly served to distribute it more equally 4*)
among the different orders composing that body." (p. 163.)
326 ..."the employment in question be not 5*) less lucrative than
others" ... [p. 43.]
328 "The rise of wages is limited by the productiveness of indu-
stry. In other words, . .. a man can never receive more for the
labour of a day or year than with the aid of all the other Sour-
ces of wealth, he con produce in the same time ... His pay must
be less than this, for a p o r t i o n o f t h e g r o s s
p r o d u c e 6*) always goes to replace fixed capital" (...)
"with its profit."
(p. 119.)
328 "Value must be in proportion not merely to the capital truly
consumed, but to that also which continues unaltered, viz. 7*),
to the total capital employed." (p. 74.)
329 "Die demand for labour hängt nur ab (...) "von dem amount of
circulating capital. (p. 87.) (...) "Im Fortschritt der Zivilisa-
tion the fixed capital of the country is increased at the expense
of the circulating. (p.89.) "Die demand for labour wächst daher
nicht generally wie capital augments, wenigstens nicht in the
same proportion." (p. 88.) "Es ist erst. wenn infolge der new in-
ventions circulating capital shall have become increased über
seinen frühren Betrag {...}, "that a greater demand for labour
will spring up. Demand will then rise, but not in proportion to
the accumulation of the general capital. In countries, where in-
dustry has much advanced, fixed capital comes gradually to bear a
greater and greater proportion to circulating. Every augmenta-
tion, therefore, in the national stock destined for reprodaction,
comes, in the progress of society, to have a less and less influ-
ence upon the condition of the labourer." (p. 90, 91.) "Every ad-
dition to fixed capital, is made at the expense of the circula-
ting." (p. 91.) "The evils resulting from the invention of machi-
nery, to the labouring population employed in the manufactures
8*),
-----
1*) Bei Ramsay: employment in question - 2*) bei Ramsay: people -
3*) bei Ramsay: former - 4*) in der Handschrift: generally - 5*)
bei Ramsey: should not be - 6*) in der Handschrift ist die hier
kursiv gegebene Textstelle mit Bleistift unterstrichen - 7*) bei
Ramsay: in a word - 8*) bei Ramsay: latter
#571# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
will probably be but temporary, liable to be perpetually renewed
however, as fresh improvements are constantly making for economi-
sing labour." [p. 91.]
330 "Also, obgleich die Maschinerie may throw out of employment a
considerable body of persons, dennoch folgt wahrscheinlich, after
a longer or shorter period, the reengagement of the same, or even
a greater amount 1*) of labourers." (p. 92, 93.) "In der Agrikul-
tur der casus ganz verschieden. Die demand for raw produce wächst
nicht so rasch wie die für manufactured goods... Am fatalsten für
das country people the conversion of arable land into pasture...
Almost all the funds which formerly supported men, are now vested
in cattle, sheep, and other elements of fixed capital." (p. 93.)
330 "Wages as well as profits, are to be considered each of them
as really a portion of the finished product, totally distinct in
a national point of view, from the cost of raising it." (p. 142.)
"Fixed capital... independent of its results... is a pure loss...
Nur labour, abgesehn von wages, von dem, what is paid for it, da-
neben ein Element der Produktionskosten. Labour ist eine sacri-
fice. The more of it is expended in one employment, the less for
another one, and, therefore, when applied to unprofitable under-
takings, the nation suffers from the waste of the principal
source of wealth... Die reward of labour konstituiert nicht ein
Element of cost." (p. 142, 143.)
330 "Wie vergleichen das Produkt und den stock expended upon
it?... With regard to a whole nation... It is evident that all
the various elements of the stock expended must be reproduced in
some employment or another, otherwise the industry of the conntry
cannot go on as formerly. The row material of manufactures, the
implements used in them, as also in agriculture, the extensive
machinery engaged in the former, the buildings necessary for fa-
bricating or storing the produce, must all be parts of the total
return of a country, as well as of the advances of all its ma-
ster-capitalists. Therefore, the quantity of the former may be
compared with that of the latter, each article being supposed
placed as it were beside that of a similar kind." (p. 137-139.)
331 "Was nun den individuellen Kapitalist angeht," {...} "da er
nicht replaciert in kind seine Ausgaben, da er the greater number
erhalten muß durch exchange, a certain portion of the product
being necessary for this purpose, so jeder individual master-ca-
pitalist comes to look much more to the exchangeable value of his
product than to its quantity." (p. 145, 146.)
331 "The more the value of his product exceeds the value of the
capital advanced the greater will be his profit. Thus, then, will
he estimate it, by comparing value with value, not quantity with
quantity. Dies die erste Differenz to be remarked in the mode of
reckoning profits between nations and individuals." {...} "Das
zweite ist, daß, da der master-capitalist dem labourer stets
einen advance of wages macht, instead of paging them out of the
finished commodity, he considers this as well as the fixed capi-
tal consumed, a part of his expenses, thongh, they, nationally
speaking, nicht ein element of cost sind." {...} "Seine Rate of
Profit wird daher abhängen upon the excess in the value of his
product over and above the value of the capital, both fixed and
circulating." (p. 146.)
332 "Profit must rise or fall exactly as the proportion of the
gross produce, or of its volue, required to replace necessary ad-
vances, falls or rises... Also upon two circumstances hängt die
Rate of profit ab: 1. the proportion of the whole produce which
goes to the
-----
1*) Bei Ramsay: number
#572# Anhang und Register
-----
labourers; secondly, the proportion which must be set apart for
replacing, either in kind or by exchange, the fixed capital." (p.
147, 148.)
333 "Es ist sicher 1*), that an increased facility of raising the
various objects which enter into the composition of fixed capi-
tal, tends, by diminishing this proportion, to raise the rate of
profit, just as in the former case of an augmented return of the
elements of circulating capital, which serves to maintain la-
bour." (p. 164.)
333 "Be the return small or great, the quantity of it required
for replacing what has been consumed in these different forms,
can undergo no alteration whatsoever. This quantity must be con-
sidered as constant, so long as prodaction is carried on [onl the
same scale. Consequently, the larger the total return, the less
must be the proportion of the whole which the farmer must set
aside for the above purposes." (p. 166.) "Je leichter der farmer,
der food und die raw materials wie flax, hemp, wood etc. produ-
ziert, diese produzieren kann, wird der Profit steigen. Des far-
mer's profit [steigt] durch das increase in the quantity of his
produce, its total value remaining the same, aber er braucht a
smaller proportion of this sum und consequently of its value for
restoring the various elements of fixed capital, with which the
farmer can supply himself; while the manufacturer would be bene-
fited by the greater power of purchasing possessed by his." (p.
166, 167.)
340 "An increased or diminished productiveness der Industrie em-
ployed in raising commodities which do not enter into the compo-
sition of fixed capital, kann keinen Einfluß auf die Rate des
Profits haben, exceptly by affecting the proportion of the gross
amount which goes to maintain labour." (p. 168.)
340 "Wenn der Fabrikant durch Verbesserung in der Maschinerie
seine Produkte verdoppelt, schließlich der Wert seiner goods must
fall in derselben Proportion, worin ihre Quantität zugenommen
hat." {...} "...der manufacturer gewinnt bloß, sofern er fähig
ist, den Arbeiter wohlfeiler zu kleiden und so a smaller propor-
tion des Gesamtreturn auf den Arbeiter fällt... Der Pächter"
{...} "gewinnt ebenfalls nur, sofern ein Teil seiner expenses in
clothing the labourer besteht und er dies jetzt wohlfeiler haben
kann, also in derselben Weise wie der manufacturer." (p. 168,
169.)
341 "Such commodities which help to make up neither fixed capital
nor circulating, können den Profit nicht alterieren durch irgend-
welche Alteration in ihrer productiveness. Such are luxuries of
all kinds." (p. 169, 170.) "Master-capitalists gain by the abun-
dance of luxuries because their profits will command a greater
quantity for their private consumption; but the rate of his pro-
fit is in no degree affected either by their plenty or scarcity."
(p. 171.)
342 "Such are luxuries of all kinds." [p. 170.]
343 Die Profitrate in individual cases also bestimmt durch fol-
gende Ursachen: 1. Die Produktivität der Industrie engaged in
raising der articles of first necessity, die vom Arbeiter
erheischt sind für food, clothing etc.; 2. die Produktivität der
Industrie angewandt in raising the objects which enter in the
composition of fixed capital; 3. the rate of real "wages" {...}.
"A variation in der ersten und dritten dieser causes, acts upon
profit by altering the proportion of the gross produce which goes
to the labourer: a change in the second adects the same, by mo-
difying the proportion necessary for replacing, either directly
or by means of exchange, the fixed capital consumed in produc-
tion; for profit is essentially a question of proportion." (p.
172.)
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#573# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
344 "Ricardo vergißt, daß das ganze Produkt nicht nur zwischen
wages und profits sich teilt, sondern auch ein Teil necessary ist
for replacing fixed capital." (p. 174, note.)
345 "Die competition der master-capitalists könne zwar level den
besonders über das Niveau sich erhebenden Profit" {...}, "aber es
ist falsch that this ordinary level itself is lowered." (p. 179.
180.) "Wäre es möglich, daß der Preis of every commodity, both
raw and fabricated, should fall in consequence of the competition
among the producers, yet this could not in any way affect profit.
Each master-capitalist would sell his produce for less money, but
anderseits every article of his expenses whether belonging to fi-
xed capital or to circulating, would cost him a proportionally
smaller sum." (p. 180, 181.)
346 "The idea of profits being paid by the consumers, is, assu-
redly, very absurd. Who are the consumers? They must be either
landlords, capitalists, masters, labourers, or else people who
receive a salary." (p. 183.) "The only competition which can af-
fect the general rate of gross profits, is that between master-
capitalists and labourers." (p. 206.)
346 Unterstellen wir selbst, daß capital was never borrowed with
any view but to productive employment, dennoch möglich, daß Zins
wechselt ohne any change in the rate of gross profits. Denn, wie
a nation advances in the career of wealth, a class of men springs
up and increases mehr und mehr, die durch die Arbeiten" {...}
"ihrer ancestors sich in Besitz von funds finden, von derem blo-
ßem Zins sie leben können. Viele auch, die in der Jugend und
Mannheit aktiv im Geschäft engagiert, ziehn sich zurück, um im
Alter ruhig vom Zins der sums zu leben, die sie selbst akkumu-
liert haben. Diese beiden Klassen haben eine Tendenz, mit dem
wachsenden Reichtum des Landes zu increase; for those who begin
with a tolerable stock are likely to make an independence sooner
than they who commence with little. Daher in alten und reichen
Ländern der amount des national capital, denen gehörig, die es
nicht selbst anwenden wollen, bears a larger proportion to the
whole productive stock of the society, als in new[ly] settled and
poor countries. Wie zahlreich die class of rentiers in England.
As the class of rentiers increases, so also does that of lenders
of capital, for they are one and the same. Aus dieser Ursache al-
lein müßte der Zins eine Tendenz haben, in alten Ländern zu fal-
len. (p. 201 sqq.)
347 ..."er abhängt zum Teil von der rate of gross profits, zum
Teil von der Proportion, worin diese geteilt in Zins und indu-
striellen Profit. Diese Proportion hängt ab von der competition
zwischen lenders und borrowers of capital. Diese competition in-
fluenziert, aber nicht entirely repuliert by the rate of gross
profit expected to be realized. Und die competition nicht exklu-
siv reguliert durch diese cause, weil von der einen Seite viele
borgen ohne any view to productive employment und weil andrer-
seits die proportion des whole national capital to be lent, va-
ries with the riches of the country independent[ly] of any change
in gross profits. (p. 206, 207.) "The profits of enterprise de-
pend upon the net profits of capital, not the latter upon the
former." (p. 214.)
347 "Der Zins nur da ein Maß of industrial 1*) profits, wo der
Kulturzustand so, daß der want of certainty of repayment nicht
hereinkommt... In England z.. gegenwärtig we cannot compensation
for risk uns denken as at all entering into the interest received
from funds [lent] on what wouid be called good security." (p.
199, Note.)
347 "Der industrielle Kapitalist ist der allgemeine distributor
des Reichtums; er zahlt den labourers die wages, dem Kapitalist
den Zins, dem Grundeigentümer die Rente. Auf
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1*) Bei Ramsay: net
#574# Anhang und Register
-----
der einen Seite sbld die masters, auf der andern labourers, capi-
talists und landlords. The interests of these two grand classes
are diametrically opposed to each other. It is the master who hi-
res labour, capital, and land, and of course tries to get the use
of them on as low terms as possible; while the owners of these
sources of wealth do their best to let them as high as they can."
(p. 218, 219.)
349 "Man kann die profits of enterprise sich zerlegen in 1. das
Salair des masters; 2. sein risk; 3. seine surplus gnins." (p.
226.)
350 "Das salary bleibt, wie der trouble, ziemlich dasselbe, der
concern sei groß oder klein. (p. 227.)
350 "Diese surplus gains" (...) "do truly represent the revenue
derived from the power of commanding the use of capital, whether
belonging to the person himself or borrowed from others" {...}
..."Die net profits" (...) "vary exactly as the amount of the ca-
pital, on the contrary the larger the capital, the larger the
proportion of the surplus gains 1*) to the stock employed." (p.
230.)
351 "In this manner the rent paid for one species of produce be-
comes the cause of t h e h i g h v a l u e o f o t h e r s
2*). (p. 279.)
351 "Revenue" (...) "differs from the annual gross produce, sim-
ply by the absence of all those objects which go to keep up fixed
capital." (p. 471.)
351 ..."neither an immediate agent in production, nor even essen-
tial to it at all." (p. 468.)
352 "Die Rentiers müßten sich nur in industrielle Kapitalisten
verwandeln. Dies für den national wealth gleichgültig... Der net
profit braucht sicher nicht so hoch zu sein as to afford separate
incomes to the owner and the employer." (p. 476, 477.)
352 "Gross profits of capital und enterprise... nötig zum Fort-
gang der Produktion." (p. 475,)
352 "Deduct from the gross produce the wages of labour, the rent
of land, the interest on capital, the cost of raw material, and
the gains of the agent, merchant, or dealer, and what remained
was the profit of the manufacturer, the Lancashire resident, the
occupier, on whom the burden of maintaining the workmen for so
many partakers in the distritution of the gross produce is
thrown." ("Morning Star", 1. Dez. 1862.)
Dreiundzwanzigstes Kapitel
354 ...«les matiàres premieres, l'instrument, l'approvisionne-
ment.» (Cherbuliez, «Riche ou pauvre etc.»), Paris 1841 (Nach-
druck der Genfer Ausgabe). p. 16.) «Il n'y a aucune différence
entre un capital et toute autre portion de richesse: c'est
seulement par l'emploi qui en est fait qu'une chose devient
capital; c'est-à-dire, lorsqu'elle est employee, dans une opéra-
tion productive, comme matière premiere, comme instrument, ou
comme approvisionnement.» (p. 18.)
369 «Le travailleur a un droit exclusif sur la valeur resultant
de son travail.» (p. 48.)
370 «Les produits sont appropries bevor sie in Kapital verwandelt
sind. Diese conversion ne les dégage pas de l'appropriation.» (p.
54.)
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1*) Bei Ramsay: the greater the proportion they bear - 2*) in der
Handschrift ist die hier kursiv gegebene Textstelle mit Bleistift
unterstrichen
#575# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
371 «Chaque accumulation de la richesse fournit les moyens
d'accelerer l'accumulation ultericurea, (p. 29.)
373 "Die Hypothese eines rapport invariable zwischen den ver-
schiednen Elementen des Kapitals realisiert sich auf keiner Stufe
des ökonomischen Fortschritts der Gesellschaft. Das Verhältnis
ist wesentlich variabel und zwar aus zwei Gründen: a) die Teilung
der Arbeit und b) die Substitution der natürlichen Agenten a la
force humaine." (p. 61.) "Diese beiden Ursachen streben, die Pro-
portion zwischen dem approvisionnement und den beiden andren Ele-
menten des Kapitals zu vermindern." (p. 62.) "Die Vermehrung des
produktiven Kapitals zieht in dieser Lage der Dinge nicht notwen-
dig nach sich ein Anwachsen des approvisionnement, bestimmt, den
Arbeitspreis zu bilden; sie kann, wenigstens temporarily, von ei-
ner absoluten Verminderung dieses Elements des Kapitals begleitet
sein, und folglich von einer baisse des Arbeitspreises. (p. 63.)
387 "Der ökonomische Fortschritt der Gesellschaft, soweit er
durch ein absolutes Wachstum des produktiven Kapitals und durch
ein changement le proportion entre les divers élémens de ce capi-
tal charakterisiert ist, bietet den Arbeitern einige Vorteile: 1.
Die größre Produktivität der Arbeit, namentlich durch Anwendung
der Maschinerie, führt so rapides Anwachsen des produktiven Kapi-
tals herbei, daß, trotz der alteration survenue im Verhältnis des
approvisionnement zu den ührigen Elementen des Kapitals, dieses
Element dennoch einen absoluten Zuwachs erhält, welcher erlaubt,
nicht nur dieselbe Zahl Arbeiter wie früher anzuwenden, sondern
noch un nombre additionnel zu beschäftigen, so daß sich das Re-
sultat des Fortschritts, einige Interruptionen abgerechnet, für
die Arbeiter in einer Vermehrung des produktiven Kapitals und der
Nachfrage nach Arbeit resumiert. 2. Die größere Produktivität des
Kapitals strebt, den Wert einer Menge von Produkten beträchtlich
zu vermindern, sie folglich à la portée du travailleur zu setzen,
dessen Genüsse sich hierdurch vermehrt finden. (l.c.p. 65.)
388 ...«d'assenir un impôt de manière à ce qu'il sait réellement
prélevé sur la rente, et qu'il ne frappe que la rente» ... (p.
128.)
389 «Que ne fait-on un pas de plus en abolissant l'appropriation
priveé du sol?» (p. 129.) «Les propriétaires fonciers sont des
oisifs entretenus aux dépens du public sans aucun avantage pour
l'industrie, ni pour le bien-être général de la société.» (p.
129.) «Ce sont les capitaux appliqués à la culture qui rendent la
terre productive; le propriétaire du sol n'y contribue en rien;
il n'est la que pour recevoir une rente qui ne fait paint partie
du profit de ses capitaux, et qui n'est point le resultat du tra-
vail ni des pouvoirs productifs de la terre, mais l'effet du prix
auguel la concurrence des consommateurs élève les produits agri-
coles» etc. (p. 129.) «Comme l'abolition de la propriété privée
du sol ne changerait rien aux causes qui font naître la rente,
cette rente continnerait d'exister; mais elle serait perçue par
l'état, auquel appartiendrait tout le territoire, et qui en af-
fermerait les portions cultivables aux particuliers munis des ca-
pitaux suffisants pour l'exploitation.» (p. 130.)
389 «Enfin l'industrie émancipée, dégagée de toute entrave,
prendrait un essor inouï» etc. (p. 130)
389 «C'est le capital qui finira par gouverner le monde, si aucun
bouleversement ne vient arrêter la marche que suit le développe-
ment de nos sociétés sous le régime de la loi d'appropriation.»
(p. 152.)
389 "Die allgemeine Appropriation der fonds productifs und der
Produkte hatte zu allen Zeiten die zahlreiche Klasse der Proleta-
rier auf einen Zustand der Unterwerfung und politischen
#576# Anhang und Register
-----
Unfähigkeit reduziert; aber diese Appropriation war einst kombi-
niert mit einem System von Restriktivgesetzen, die en entravant
le développement de l'industrie et l'accamulation des capitaux,
¦¦1121¦ mettaient des bornes à l'accroissement de la classe dés-
héritée, restreignaient sa liberte civile dans des limites
etroites, et contribuaient ainsi de plusieurs manieres a rendre
cette classe inoffensive. Aujourd'hui, le capital a brisé une
partie de ses entraves; il s'apprête à les briser toutes." (p.
155, 156.)
Vierundzwanzigstes Kapitel
391 "Die power der Erde to yield selbst to the rudest labors of
mankind mehr als nötig für die Subsistenz des cultivator und ihn
so befähigt, einen Tribut zu zahlen, ist der Ursprung der Rente."
(R.Jones, "An Essey on the Distribution of Wealth, and on the
Sources of Taxation", Lond. 1831, Part I, p. 4.) "Rent also ihren
Ursprung in der appropriation of soil, at a time when the bulk of
the people must cultivate it on such terms as they can obtain, or
starve; and when their scanty capital of implements, seed, etc.
being utterly insufficient to secure their maintenance in any
other occupation than that of agriculture, is chained with them
to the land by an overpowering necessity. [p. 11.]
391 "Die Rente" (...) "kann nur vermehrt werden unter diesen Um-
ständen, entweder indem die Arbeit der tenantry geschickter und
wirksamer angewandt wird" {...} "aber als a body der unfitness
der proprietors to advance the science of agriculture, oder indem
die quantity der labor exacted vermehrt wird und dann, wenn die
lands der proprietors besser, die der serfs, denen Arbeit entzo-
gen, um so schlechter tilled." (l.c., ch. II, [p. 61].)
392 ..."the advance of stock by the proprietor, and the abandon-
ment of the management of cultivation to the actual laborers,
shows the contiaued absence of an intermediate class of capita-
lists". (p. 74.)
392 "Ryot rents are produce rents paid by a laborer, raising his
own wages from the soil to the sovereign as its proprietor." (ch.
I, [p. 109].) (...) "Die Ryotrents oft vermischt mit labor rents
and metayer rents." (p. 136 sq.) ... "The prosperity or rather
the existence of towns in Asia proceeds entirely from the local
expenditure of government." (l.c. [p. 138].)
392 "Cottier rents ... all rents contracted to be paid in money,
by peasant tenants, extracting their own maintenance from the
soil." (p.143.) (...) "Auf der größten Oberfläche der Erde keine
money rents."
392 "Alle diese forms" (...) "prevent the full development of the
productive powers of the earth. Die Differenz in der Produktivi-
tät der Industrie besteht erstens in der quantity of contrivance
used in applying manual labor und secoullg, in dem extent, wo-
durch die mere physical exertions are assisted by the accumulated
results of past labor, also von den verschieänen quantities of
still, knowledge, and capital, brought to the task of produc-
tion... Small Numbers of the [Non-]agricaltural Classes. It is
obvious, that the relative numbers of those persons who can be
maintained without agricultural labor, must be measured wholly by
the productive powers of the cultivators." (ch. VI, [p.
157-160].) "In England, the tenants who on the disuse of the la-
bor of the serf tenantry, took charge of the cultivation of the
domains of the proprietors, were found on the land; they were
yeomen." (l.c.[p. 166].)
393 "Farmer's Rents can only exist when the most important rela-
tions of the different classes of society have ccased to origi-
nate in the ownership and occupation of [the] sail." (p. 185.)
#577# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
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393 "It is the artizans and the handicraftsmen who first range
themselves under the manegement of capitalists." (p. 187.)
"Unmittelbare Folge dieses Systems ist die power of moving at
pleasure the labor and capital employed in agriculture, to other
occupations." {...} "Solange der tenant selbst a laboring
peasant, forced, in the absence of other funds for his main-
tenance, to extract it himself from the soil, gekettet durch Not
an diesen Boden; der little stock, den er vielleicht besitzt,
since it was not sufficient to procure him a maintenance unless
used for the single purpose of cultivation, was virtually chained
to the soil with its master. Mit dem capitalist-master diese de-
pendence on the soil is broken: and unless as much con be gnined
by emploging the working class on the land, as from their ererti-
ons in various other employments, which in such a state of so-
ciety abonnd, the business of cultivation will be abandoned.
Rent, in such a case, necessarily consists merely of surplus pro-
fits." (p. 188.) (...) "When the engagement des laborer is with
acapitalist, this dependence on the landlord is dissolved." (p.
189.)
394 "Wenn rents consists of surplus profits, kann die Rente of a
particular spot of ground aus 3 Ursachen anwachsen:
1. an increase of the produce from the accumulation of larger
quantities of capital in its cultivation;
2. die wirksamere application des capital already employed;
3. wenn Kapital und Produkt dasselbe bleiben, the diminution des
share der producing classes in diesem produce, and a correspon-
ding increase des share des landlord. Diese Ursachen können auch
combine in different proportions." (p. 189.)
395 "Korn can sell zu einem Monapolpreis (d.h. zu einem Preise,
der mehr zahlt, als die costs und profits of those who grow it
under the least faveurable circamstances) oder zu einem Preise,
der nur die common profits zurückzahlt. Ersterer Fall angenommen,
dann von aller difference of the fertility in the soils cultiva-
ted abgesehn, increased produce obtained by increased capital
(prices remaining the same) may increase the rents, in proportion
to the increased capital laid out." "Z.B. 10% die ordinary rate
of profit. Wenn corn produced by £ 100 can be sold for 115, die
Rente = 5 l. When in the progress of improvement the capital em-
ployed on the same land were doubled, and the produce doubled,
then £ 200 would yield 230. and £ 10 would be the rent, and the
rent will be doubled." (p. 191.)
395 "In kleinen communities kann corn 1*) beständig zu einem Mo-
nopolpreis sein... Auch in larger conntries dies möglich, wenn
die Bevölkerung beständig schneller wächst als die increase of
tillage. Aber Monopolpreis des Korns ungewöhnlich in conntries
von considerable extent and great variety of soil. Wenn großes
Steigen der Preise, mehr Land in Bebauung gesetzt, oder mehr Ka-
pital auf altes Land verwandt, bis der Preis kaum mehr den ordi-
nary profit auf den outlay abwirft. Dann stops the tillage und in
solchen Ländern corn gewöhnlich verkauft zu einem Preis, not more
than sufficient to replace the capital employed under the least
favourable circumstances, and the ordinary rate of profit on it;
und die rent paid on the better soils is then measured by the ex-
cess of their produce over tkat of the poorest soil cultivated by
similar capitals." (p. 191, 192.) "Alles was nötig ist for a rise
of rent over the surface eines Landes besitzend soils von unglei-
cher Güte, ist dies daß die better soils should yield to the ad-
ditional capital employed upon them in the progress of cultiva-
tion, something more than the soils confessedly inferior to them;
for then while means can be found of employing fresh capital on
any soil between the
-----
1*) In der Handschrift: rent
#578# Anhang und Register
-----
extremes A and Z, at the ordinary rate of profit, rents will rise
on all the soils superior to that particular soil" (p. 195.)
396 "Die general accumulation des in der Kultur angewandten Kapi-
tals, while it augments the produce of all gradations of soils,
somewhat in proportion to their original goodness, must of itself
raise rents; ohne reference to any progressive diminution in the
return to the labor and capital employed, and, indeed, quite in-
dependently of any other cause whatever." (p. 195.)
396 "The average corn produce of England at one time did not ex-
ceed 12 bushels per acre; it is now about double." (p. 199.)
"Each successive portion of the capital and labor concentrated on
the land, may be more economically and efficiently applied tkan
the last." (p. 199, 200.)
397 "Rente wirt sich verdoppeln, verdreifachen, vervierfachen
etc., wenn das auf das alte Land gelegte Kapital ver2, 3, 4facht
wird without a diminished return, und without altering the rela-
tive fertility of the soils cultivated." (p. 204.)
397 "It is not essential to the rise that the proportion between
the fertility of the soils should be exactly stationary." (p.
205.)
397 "Ricardo übersa die necessarily unequal effects of additional
capital on soils of unequal fertility. (l.c.)
397 "Wenn Zahlen, bearing a certain proportion to each other, mit
derselben Zahl multipliziert werden, so bleibt ihr Verhältnis
dasselbe wie das der Originalzahlen, aber the difference of the
amounts of the several products, will increase at each stop of
the process. Wenn 10, 15, 20 multipliziert werden mit 2 oder 4,
und werden 20, 30, 40 oder 40, 60, 80, their relative proportions
will not be disturbed: 80 und 60 stehn im selben Verhältnis zu 40
wie 20:15:10; aber die Differenz between the amounts of their
products will have increased in each operation, and from being 5
and 10, become 10 and 20, and then 20 and 40." (p. 206, 207.)
398 "If 100 be employed on classes A, B and C, mit einem produce
von 110, 115 und 120, and subsequently 200, mit returns of 220,
228 und 235, the relative differences of the products will have
diminished, and the soils will have approximated in fertility;
still the difference der amounts ihrer prodacts will be increased
from S and 10 to 8 and 15, und rents daher steigen. Improvements,
therefore, which tend to approximate the degrees of fertility of
the cultivated sails, may very well raise rents, und ohne Koope-
ration einer andren Ursache." (p. 208.) "Die turnip and sheep
husbandry, and the fresh capital employed to carry it on, produ-
ced a greater alteration in the fertility of the poor soils, than
it that of the better; still it increased the absolute produce of
each, and raised so rents, während es die differences der ferti-
lity der cultivated soils verminderte." (l.c.) "Bei Ric[ardo]s
Meinung, daß Verbeßrungen die Renten fallen machen können, to re-
member the slowly progressive manner in which agricultural impro-
vements are practically discovered, completed, and spread." (p.
211.)
400 "Also die erste Quelle vom Steigen of farmer's rents sind the
progressive accumulation and the unequal effects of capital on
all gradations of soils." (p. 234.)
400 "Improvements in the efficiency of the capital employed in
cultivation, raise rents, by increasing the surplus profits re-
alized on particular spots of land. They invariably produce this
increase of surplus profits, unless they augment the mass of row
produce so rapidly
#579# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
as to outstrip the progress of demand. Such improvements in the
efficiency of the capital employed, do usually occur in the pro-
gress of agricultural skill, and of the accumulation of greater
masses of auxiliary capital." (...) "A rise of rents from this
cause, is generally followed by the spread of tillage to inferior
soils, without any decrease in the returns to agricultural capi-
tal on the worst spots reclaimed." (p. 244.)
400 "A fall of profits is no proof of the decreasing 1*) effi-
ciency of agricultural industry." (p. 257.) "Profits depend
partly on the amount of the produce of labor, partly on the divi-
sion of that produce between the laborers and capitalists; und
ihr amount, daher kann vary from a change in either of these par-
ticulars." (p. 260.)
401 "When, abstracting from the effects of taxation, an apparent
diminution takes place in the revenue of the producing classes
considered jointly," (...) "when there is a fall in the rate of
profits, not compensated by a rise of wages, und umgekehrt,"
{...} "dann kann man schließen, there has been some decrease in
the productive power of labor and capital. (p. 273.)
401 "In the progress of nations, an increase of manufacturing po-
wer and skill usually occurs, greater than that which can be ex-
pected in the agriculture of an increasing people. This is an un-
questionable truth. A rise in the relative value of row produce
may, therefore, be expected in the advance of nations, without
any positive decrease in the efficiency of agriculture. (p. 265.)
401 "Wächst die Rente aus dem Ric[ardo]schen Grund, 'the employ-
ment of an additional quantity of labor with a proportionally
less return', and a consequent transfer to the landlords of a
part of the produce obtained on the better soils; then the aver-
age proportion of the gross produce taken by the landlords as
rent, will necessarily increase." Zweitens "die industry of a
larger proportion of the population must be devoted to agricul-
ture." (p. 280, 281.)
402 "Nun finden wir in der englischen Statistik 3 Tatsachen: A
spread of tillage begleitet by a rise in the general rental of
the country; a diminution of the proportion of the people em-
ployed in agriculture; a decrease in the landlord's proportion of
the produce." (p. 282.)
402 "A.Smith sagt: 'In the progress of improvement, rent, though
it increases in [the] extent, diminishes in proportion to the
produce of the land.'" (p. 284.) [106]
402 "Es folgt aus verschiednen returns, gemacht at different ti-
mes dem Board of Agriculture, daß das ganze Kapital, agricul-
turally employed in England, is to that applied tothe support of
laborers = 5:1, d.h. 4x mehr auxiliary capital used, as there is
of capital applied to the maintenance of the labor used directly
in tillage. In France dies Verhältnis = 2:1." (p. 223.) "When a
given quantity of additional capital is applied in the shape of
the results of past labor, to assist the laborers actually em-
ployed, a less anaual return will suffice to make the employment
of such capital profitable, und darum permanently practicable,
than if the same quantity of fresh capital were expended in the
support of additional laborers." (p. 224.)
402 "Gesetzt £ 100 employed to the land in the maintenance of 3
men, producing their own wages, und 10% Profit auf sie or £ 110.
Das angewandte Kapital werde verdoppelt. Zuerst 3 neue laborer
angewandt. Das increased produce muß 110 l. sein, = den wages der
3 additional men + 10 l. Profit. Nun unterstelle, das additional
£ 100 sei
-----
1*) In der Handschrift: increasing
#580# Anhang und Register
-----
employed in the shape of implements, manures, or any results of
past labor, während die number der actual laborers dieselbe
bleibe. Dies auxiliary capital daure im Durchschnitt 5 Jahre. Der
annual return des Kapitalist muß sein 10% profit und 20 l. für
die annual wear and tear of his capital, also 30 l. return nötig
to make the continuous employment der zweiten 100 £ profitable,
statt 110 l., the amount necessary when direct labor was employed
by 1*) it. Klar daher, daß die accumulation of auxiliary capital
in cultivation, will be practicable when the employment desselben
amount of capital in the support of additional labor has ceased
to be so: and that the accumulation of such capital may go on for
an indefinite period." (p. 224, 225.) "So der increase of auxili-
ary capital both increases the command of man over the powers of
[the] soil, relatively to the amount of ¦¦11291 labor directly or
indirectly employed upon it; and diminishes the annual return ne-
cessary to make the progressive employment of given quantities of
freshcapital profitable." (p. 227.)
403 "Unterstellen wir ein Kapital, z.B. 100 l., employed upon the
soil ganz in Zahlung von Arbeitslohn und yielding 10% profit, so
die Revenue des farmer = 1/10 von der des laborers. Wenn das Ka-
pital verdrei- etc.- facht, dann die revenue des farmer will con-
tinue to bear the same proportion to that of the laborers. Aber
wenn die Zahl der Arbeiter dieselbe bleibt und der amount of ca-
pital is doubled, profits werden £ 20 oder 1/5 der Revenne. Wenn
das Kapital vervierfacht, werden sie £ 40 oder 2/5 von der Reve-
nue der laborers'; wenn capital wächst zu 500, profits £ 50, or
half the revenue der laborers. Und der wealth, influence und
wahrscheinlich auch in einigem Umfang die Zahl der capitalists in
the community, would be proportionally increased... Mit dem Wach-
sen des Kapitals gewöhnlich auch das employment of some additio-
nal direct labor nötig. This circumstance, however, will not pre-
vent the steady progress of the relative [increase] of the auxi-
liary capital." (p. 231, 232.)
405 "Property in the soil almost universally rests, at one time
of a people's career, either in the general government, or in
persons deriving their interest from it. "(R. Jones, "An intro-
ductory lecture on polit. econ....", Lond. 1833, p. 14.)
405 "By economical structure of nations, I mean those relations
between the different classes which are established in the first
instance by the institution of property in the soil, and by the
distribution of its surplus produce; afterwards modified and
changed (to a greater or less extent) by the introduction of ca-
pitalists, as agents in producing and exchanging wealth, and in
feeding and employing the laboring population." (p. 21, 22.)
405 ..."the aggregate amount of the revenues consumed by the la-
borers, whatever be the source of those revenues." (Jones
["Syllabus..."] p. 44.)
406 "Selbst bei den westlich europäischen nations finden wir noch
die effects der social conformation which results from the pecu-
liar mode of distributing the produce of their land and labor,
established ¦¦1131¦ in the early period of the existence of agri-
cultural nations". (Jones ["An introductory lecture on political
economy..."] p. 16.)
406 "Die changes, affecting this economist conformation, haben
ihren great agent, ihre moving power from which they proceed in
capital, viz. accumulated wealth employed with a view to profit."
... "Bei allen nations the distinct division of wealth here poin-
ted out, agiert als a most important part in modifying the ties
which connect the different classes of the
-----
1*) In der Handschrift: in
#581# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
community, and in determining their productive power."... "In
Asien und einem Teil von Europa (früher in ganz Europa) die non-
agricultural classes [fast] ganz erhalten von den incomes der an-
dren classes, hauptsächlich von denen der landholders. If you
want the labor of an artizan, you provide him with materials; he
comes to your house, you feed and pay him his wages. After a
time, the capitalist steps in, he provides the materials, he ad-
vances the wages of the workmam, he becomes his employer, and he
is the owner of the article produced, which he exchanges for your
money... An intermediate class so zwischen den landowners und ei-
nem Teil der non-agriculturists und von dieser intermediate
class, those non-agriculturists are dependent for employment and
subsistence. The ties which formerly bound the community together
are worn out and fall to pieces; other bonds, other principles of
cohesion connect its different classes: new economical relations
spring into being etc. ... Hier in England nicht nur der great
body of non-agriculturists almost wholly depend on 1*) the pay of
capitalists. but the laboring cultivators of the soil are their
servants too. (p. 16 sqq.)
407 "Der labor fonds (...) "kann eingeteilt werden in 3 Klassen:
1. Revennes produziert durch die laborers, die sie selbst konsu-
mieren und nie andren Personen angehören." (...) "2. Revenues be-
longing to classes distinct from the laborers, and expended by
those classes in the direct maintenance of labor. 3. Kapital im
eigentlichen Sinn. Diese distinct branches des labor fonds können
alle in our own conntry beobachtet werden; aber wenn we look ab-
road, we see those parts dieses fonds, die hier am beschränkte-
sten, constituting elsewhere the main sources of subsistence to
the population, and determining the character and position of the
majority of the penple etc.". (Jones, "Syllabus of a course of
lectures on the Wages of Labor", p. 45, 46.)
407 "Die wages of laboring cultivators, or occupping peasants...
Diese laboring cultivators, or peasants, sind hereditary occu-
piers, proprietors, tenants. Die tenants sind serfs, metayers,
cottiers. Letztre Irland eigentümlich. Etwas wie Rent oder Profit
oft mit den revenues oder peasant-cultivators of all classes ver-
mischt, aber when their subsistence is essentially depenlent on
the rewarl of their manual labor, sind sie als wages-laborer zu
betrachten." (...) alpha. "Hereditary occupiers, who are laboring
¦¦1132¦ cultivators. Ancient Greece Modern Asia, besonders In-
dia." beta. "Proprietors. France. Germany, America, Australia,
Alt-Palästina." gammma. "Cottiers. (p. 46-48.)
408 "In England reduziert auf menial servants, soldiers, sailors,
and a few artizans working on their own account, and paid out of
the incomes of their employers. Over a considerable portion of
the earth this branch of the Ceneral Labor Fund maintains nearly
the whole of the non-agricaltural laborers. Former prevalence of
this Fund in England. Warwick the king-maker. The English gentry.
Present prevalence in the East. Mechanics, menials. Large bodies
of troops so maintained. Consequences of the concentration of
this Fund throughout Asia in the hands of the sovereign. Sudden
rise of cities; sudden desertion. Samarcand; Candahar, and
others." (p. 48, 49.)
408 "Capital should never be confounded with the General Labor
Fund of the world - of which a large proportion consists of reve-
nues. All branches of a nation's revenues ... contribute to the
accumulations by which capital is formed. They contribute in dif-
ferent proportions in different countries and different stages of
society. When wages and rents contribute the most." (p. 50.)
-----
1*) Bei Jones statt "depend on": "in"
#582# Anhang und Register
-----
409 "All other things being equal, the power of a nation to save
from its profits varies with the rate of profits: is great when
they are high, less when low; but as the rate of profits decli-
nes, ad other things do not remain equal. The quantities of capi-
tal employed relatively to the numbers of the population may in-
crease." {...} "Inducement and facilities to accumulate may in-
crease... A low rate of profits is ordinarily accompanied by a
rapid rate of accumulation, relatively to the numbers of the peo-
ple, as in England; und eine high rate of profit by a slower rate
of accumulation ¦1133¦, relatively to the numbers of people, as
in Polen, Rußland, Indien usw." (p. 50 sq.)
409 "Error der doctrine, daß wo im Progress of nations die rate
of profits deolines, the means of providing subsistence for an
increasing population must become less. Foundations of the error:
1. A mistaken notion, that accumulation from profits must be slow
where the rate of profits is low, and rapid where it is high; 2.
A mistsken belief, that profits are the only source, of accumula-
tion; 3. A mistaken belief that all the laborers of the earth
subsist on accumulations and savings from revenue, and never on
revenue itself." (p. 51.)
409 "Alterations which take place in the economical struature of
nations wien capital assumes the task of advancing the wages of
labor..." (p. 51, 52.)
409 "T h e a m o u n t o f c a p i t a l d e v o t e d t o
t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f l a b o r m a y v a r y,
i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f a n y c h a n g e s i n t h e
w h o l e a m o u n t o f c a p i t a l" (...) "Great fluc-
tuations in the amount of employment and great suffering may so-
metimes be observed to become more frequent as capital itself be-
comes more plentiful." (p. 52.)
410 "Periods of gradual transition of the laborers from depen-
dence on one fund to dependence on another... Transfer of the la-
boring caltivators to the pay of capitalists... Transfer of
non-agricultural classes to the employ of capitalists." (p. 52,
53.)
410 "Slavery. Slaves may be divided into pastoral- predial- dome-
stic-slaves of a mixed character, between predial and domestic.
Wir finden slaves als cultivating peasants; - als menials or ar-
tizons, maintained from the incomes of the rich; - as laborers
maintained from capital." (p. 59)
410 "The productiveness of the industry of nations really depends
on 2 circumstances: First, on the fertility or barrenness of the
original sources (land an water) of the wealth they produce. Se-
condly, on the eificiency of the labor they apply in dealing with
those sources, or fashioning the commodities obtained from them."
(R. Jones, "Text-Book of Lectures on the Political Economy of Na-
tions", Hertford 1852, p. 4.)
411 "The efficiency of human labor will depend: 1. on the conti-
nuity with which it is exerted; 2. on the knowledge and skill
with which it is applied, to effect the purpose of the producer;
3. on the mechanical power by which it is aided." (p. 6.)
411 "The power exerted by human laborers in prodacing wealth ...
may be increased: 1. by enlisting in their service, motive forces
greater tban their own... 2. by employing any amount or kind of
motive ¦¦1134¦ forces at their command, with increased mechanical
advantage. Z.B. engine of 40 horse-power wirkt anders auf Eisen-
bahn als auf turnpikeroad." (p. 8.)
411 "The best form of a plough will do as much work, snd as well,
with two horses, as the worst with four." (p. 9.)
411 "The steam-engine is not a mere tool, it gives additional mo-
tive force, not merely the means of using forces the laborer al-
ready possesses, with a greater mechanical advantage." (p. 10,
note.)
#583# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
411 "Capital... consists of wealth saved from revenue, and used
with a view to profit." (p. 16.)
411 "The possible sources of capital ... are obviously, all the
revenues of all the individuals composing a community, from which
revenues it is possible that any saving can be made. The particu-
lar classes of income which yield the most abundantly to the pro-
gress of national capital, change at different stages of their
progress, and are therefore found entirely diferent in nations
occupying different positions in that progress." (l.c.)
411 "Profits also far from being the only sources from which ca-
pital is formed or increased: Sogar unimportant source of accumu-
lation, verglichen mit wages und rents, in the earlier stages of
society." (p. 20.)
411 "When a considerable advance in the powers of national indu-
stry has actually taken place, profits rise into comparative im-
portance as a source of accumulation." (p. 21.)
415 "There is a difference between the influence, on the produc-
tive powers of nations, of that wealth which has been saved, and
is dispensed as wages with a view to profit: and of that wealth
which is advanced out of revenue for the support of labor. With a
view to this distinction, I use the word capital to denote that
portion of wealth exclusively which has been saved from revenue,
and is used with a view to profit." (p. 36, 37.)
415 "We might... comprise, under the term, capital, all the
wealth devoted to the maintenance of labor, whether it has gone
through any previous process of saving or not... we must, then,
in tracing the position of the laboring classes and of their pay-
masters in different nations and under different circumstances,
distinguish between capital which has been saved, and capital
which has undergane no process of accumulation: between, in
short, capital which is revenue, and capital which is not reve-
nue." (p. 36.)
416 "In every nation of the Old World. except England and Hol-
land, the wages of the agriculturists are not advanced out of the
funds which have been soved and accamulated from revenue, but are
produced by the laborers themselves, and never exist in any other
shape than that of a stock for their own immediate consumption."
(p. 37.)
418 "Capital is the instrument through which all the causes which
augment the efficiency of human labor, and the productive powers
of nations, are brought into play... Capital is the stored-up re-
sults of past labor used to produce some effect in some part of
the task of producing wealth." [p. 35.]
418 "It will be convenient, and it is reasonable, to consider the
act of production as incomplete till the commodity produced has
been placed in the hands of the person who is to consume it; all
done previously has that point in view. The grocer's horse and
cart which brings up our tea from Hertford to the College, is as
essential to our possession of it for the purpose of consumption,
as the labor of the Chinese who picked and dried the leaves."
(ibid. p. 35, note.)
418 "... But... this capital... does not perform in every commu-
nity all the tasks it is capable of performing. It takes them up
gradually and successively in all cases; and it is a remarkable
and an all-important fact, that the one special function, the
performance of which is essential to the serious advance of the
power of capital in all its other functions, is exactly that
which, in the case of the greater portion of the laborers of man-
kind, capital has never yet fufilled at all. (p. 35, 36.)
419 "I allude to the advance of the wages of labor." (p. 36)
#584# Anhang und Register
-----
419 "The wages of labor are advanced by capitalists in the case
of less than one-fourth of the laborers of the earth. This fact
... of vital importance in accounting for the comparative pro-
gress nations. (l.c.)
419 "Capital, or accumulated stock, after performing various
other functions in the production of wealth, only takes up late
that of advancing to the laborer his wages." (p. 79.)
420 "Capital, or accumulated stock, after performing various
other functions in the production of wealth, only takes up late
that of advancing to the laborer his wages..." (p. 79.)
420 "A state of things may hereafter exist, and parts of the
world may be approaching to it, under which the laborers and the
owners of accumulated stock, may be identical; but in the pro-
gress of nations... this has never yet been the case, and to
trace and understand that progress, we must observe the laborers
gradually transferred from the hands of a body of customers, who
pay them out of their revenues, to those of a body of employers,
who pay them by advances of capital out of the returns to which
the owners aim at realizing a distinct revenue. This may not be
as desirable a state of things as that in which laborers and ca-
pitalists are indentifed, but we must still accept it as consti-
tuting a stage in the march of industry, which has hitherto mar-
ked the progress of advancing nations. At that stage the people
of Asia have not yet arrived." (p. 73.)
422 "The capitalist has been but an agent to give the laborers
the benefit of the expenditure of the revenues of the surrounding
customers, in a new form and under new circumstances. (p. 79.)
423 "As communities change their powers of production, they ner-
essarily change their hanits too." (p. 48) "During their progress
in advance, all the different classes of community find that they
are connected with other classes by new relations, are assuming
new positions, and are surrounded by new moral and social dan-
gers, and new conditions of social and political excellence.
(l.c.)
423 "Great political, social, moral, and intellectual changes,
accompany changes in the economical organisation of communities,
and the agencies and the means, affluent or scanty, by which the
tasks of industry are carried on. These changes necessarily exer-
cise a commanding influence over the different political and so-
cial elements to be found in the populations where they take
place: that influence extends to the intellectual character, to
the habits, manners, morals, and happiness of nations." (p. 45.)
423 "England is the only great country which has taken ... the
first step in advance towards perfection as a prolacing machine:
the only country in which the population, agricoltural as well as
non-agricultural, is ranged under the direction of capitalists,
and where the effects of their means and of the peculiar functi-
ons they alone can perform, are extensively felt, not only in the
enormous growth of her wealth, but also in all the economical re-
lations and positions of her population.
Now, England, I say it with regret, but without the very
slightest hesitation, is not to be taken as a safe specimen of
¦¦1145¦ the career of a people so developing their productive
forces. (p. 48, 49.)
423 "The general labor funds consists: 1. Of wages which the la-
borers themselves produce. 2. Of the revenues of other classes
expended in the maintenance of labor. 3. Of capital, or a portion
of wealth saved from revenne and employed in advancing wages with
a view to profit. Those maintained on the first division of the
labor funds we will call unhired laborers. Those on the second
paid dependents. Those on the third, hired workmen." (...)
#585# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
-----
"The receipt of wages from any of these 3 divisions of the labor
fund determines the relations of the laborer with the other clas-
ses of society, and so determines sometimes directly, sometimes
more or less indirectly, the degree of continuity, skill, and po-
wer with which the tasts of industry are carried on." (p. 51,
52.)
423 "The first division, self-produced wages, maintains more than
half, probably more than 2/3, of the laboring papulation of the
earth. These laborers, consist everywhere of peasants who occupy
the soil and labor on it. ... The second division of the labor
fund, revenue expended in maintaining labor, supports by far the
greater part of the productive nonagricultural laborers of the
East. It is of some importance on the continent of Europe: while
in England, again, it comprises only a few jobbing mechanics, the
relics of a larger body ... The third division of the labor fund,
capital, is seen in England employing the great majority of her
laborers, while it maintains but a small body of individuals in
Asia: and in continental Europe maintains only the non-agricul-
tural laborers: not amounting, probably, on the whole, to a quar-
ter of the productive population." (p. 52.)
424 "I have not... made any distinction as to slave-labor... The
civil rights of laborers do not affect their economical position.
Slaves, as well as freemen, may be observed subsisting on each
part of the general fund." (p. 53.)
424 "The portion of the community which is unproductive of mate-
rial wealth may be useful or it may be useless." (p. 42.)
424 "It is reasonable, to consider the act of production as in-
complete till the commodity produced has been placed in the hands
of the person who is to consume it." (p. 35, Note.)
425 "It may be as well to point out here how this fact {of the
wages being advanced by capital) affects their powers of proluc-
tion, or the continuity, the knowlelge, and the power' with which
labor is exerted... The capitalist who pays a workman may assist
the continuity of his labor. First, by making such continuity
possible; secondly, by superintenling and enforcing it. Many
large bodies of workmen throughout the world ply the street for
customers, and depend for wages on the casual wants of persons
who happen at the moment to require their services, or to want
the articles they can supply. The early missionaries found this
the case in China.... 'The artizans run about the towas from mor-
ning to night to seek custom. The greater part of Chinese workmen
work in private houses. Are clothes wanted, for example) The tai-
lor comes to you in the morning and goes home at night. It is the
same with all other artizans. They are continually running about
the streets in search of work, even the smiths, who carry about
their hammer and their furnace for ordinary jobs. The barbers,
too ... walk about the streets with an arm-chair on their shoul-
ders, and a basin and boiler for hot water in their hands.' [114]
This continues to be the case very generally throughout the East,
and partially in the Western World.
Now these workmen cannot for any length of time work conti-
nuously. They must ply like ahackney coachman, and when no custo-
mer happens to present himself they must be idle. If in the pro-
gress of time a change take place in their economical position,
if they become the workmen of a capitalist who alvances their wa-
ges beforehand, two things take place. First, they can now labor
continuously: and, secondly, an agent is provided, whose of fice
anl whose interest it will be, to see that they lo labor conti-
nuously... the capitalist has reserves ... to wait for a custo-
mer... Here, then, is an increasel continulty in the labor of all
this class of persons. They labor daily from morning to night,
and are not interrupted by waiting for or seeking the customer,
who is ultimately to consume the article they work on.
#586# Anhang und Register
-----
But the continulty of their labor, thus made possible, is secured
and improved by the superintendence of the capitalist. He has ad-
vanced their wages; he is to reccive the products of their labor.
It is his interest and his privilege to see tbat they do not la-
bor interruptedly or dilatorily. The continuity of labor thus far
secured, the effect even of this change on the productive power
of labor is very great... the power is doubled. Two workmen stea-
dily employed from moming to night, and from year's end to year's
end, will probably produce more than 4 desultory workmen, who
consume much of their time in running after customers, and in re-
commencing suspended labors." (p. 37 sq.)
427 "The capitalist, too, keeps, as it were, an echo-office for
labor: he insures against the uncertainty of finding a vent for
labor, which uncerhinty would, but for him, provent the labor, in
many cases, from being undertaken. The trouble of looking for a
purchaser, and of going to a market, is reduced, by his means, to
a comparatively small compass." ("An Inquiry into those Princi-
ples respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of Con-
sumption etc.", London 1821, p. 102.)
427 "Where the capital is in a great degree fixed or where it is
sunk on land ... the trader is obliged to continue to employ,
much more nearly (than if there had been less fixed capital) the
same amount of circulating capital as he did before, in order not
to cease do derive any profits from the part that is fixed."
(l.c.p. 73.)
427 "Of the state of manners to which the dependence of the work-
men on the revenues of their customers has given birth in China,
you would, perhaps, get the most striking picture, in the Chinese
Exhibition, so long kept open by its Americen proprietor in Lon-
don. It is thronged with figures of artizans with their small
packs of tools, plying for customers, and idle when none appear -
painting vividly to the eye the necessary absence, in their case,
of that continuity of labor which is one of the three great ele-
ments of its productiveness, and indicating sufficiently, to any
well-informed observer, the absence abo of fixed capital and ma-
chinery, hardly less important elements of the fruitfulness of
industry." (Jones ["Text-book of lectures...", Hertford 1852], p.
73).
427 "In India, where the admixture of Europeans has not changed
the scene, a like spectacle may be seen in the towns. The ar-
tizans in rural districts are, however, provided for there in a
peculiar manner... Such handicraftsmen and other non-agricul-
turists as were actually necessary in a village were maintained
by an assignment of a portion of the joint revenues of the villa-
gers, and throughout the country bands of hereditary workmen exi-
sted on this fund, whose industry supplied the simple wants and
tastes which the cultivators did not provide for by their own
hands. The position and rights of the rural artizans soon became,
like all rights in the East, hereditary. The band found its cu-
stomers in the other villagers. The villagers were stationary and
abiding and so were their handicraftsmen...
The artizans of the towns were and are in a very different posi-
tion. They received their wages from what was substantially the
same fund - the surplus revenue from land - but modified in its
mode of distribution and its distributors, so as to destroy their
sedentary permanence, and produce frequent and usually disastrous
migrations... such artizons are not confined to any location by
dependence on masses of fixed capital. (Z.B. wie in Europa cotton
und andre manufactories fixed in districts wo water-power, or
abundant streamproducing fuel, und considerable masses of wealth,
converted into buildings and machinery etc.)... The case diffe-
rent when the sole ¦¦1148¦ dependence of the laborers is on the
direct reccipt of part of the revennes of tbe persons who consume
the commodities the artizans produce... They are not confined to
the neighoourhood of anyflxed capital. If their customers
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change their location for long - nay, sometimes fot very short -
periods, the non-agricaltural laborers must follow them, or
starve." (Jones. l.c.p. 73, 74.)
428 "The greater part dieses fund für die handicraftsmen distri-
buted in Asia by the State and its of ficers. The capital
(Hauptstadt) was necessarily, the principal centre of distribu-
tion." (p. 75.)
428 "Ftom Samarcand, southwards to Beejaponr and Seringapatam, we
can trace the ruins of vanishing capitals, of which the popula-
tion left them suddenly (nicht decay wie in andren Ländern), as
soon as new centres of distribution of royal revenues, i.e. of
the whole of the surplus produce 1*) of the soil, were establis-
hed." (l.c.p. 76.)
428 "But the effect of the change of paymaster, on the continulty
of labor is by no means yet exhausted. The different tasks of in-
dustry may now befurther divided..." If he (the capitalist)
"employ more than one man, he can divide the task between them;
he can keep eech individual steadily at work the pottion of the
common task which he performs the best ... if the capitalist be
rich, and keep a sufficient number of workmen, then the task may
be sublivided as far as it is capable of subdivision. The conti-
nuity of labor is then complete... Capital, by assuming the func-
tion of advancing the wages of labor, has now, by successive
steps, perfected its continuity. It, at the same time, increases
the knowledge and shill by which such labor is applied to produce
any given effect.
The class of capitalists are from the first partially, and they
become ultimately completely, discharged from the necessity of
manual labor. Their interest is that the productive powers of the
laborers they employ should be the greatest possible. On promo-
ting tbat power their attention is fixed, and almost exclusively
fixed. More thought is brought to beat on the best means of ef-
fecting all the purposes of human industry; knowledge extends,
multiplies its fields of action, and assists industty in almost
evety branch...
But further still, as to mechanical power. Capital employed not
to pay, but to assist labor, we will call auxiliary capital."
{...} "The national mass of auxiliary capital may, certain condi-
tions being fulfilled, increase indefinitely: the number of labo-
rers remaining the same. At evety step of such increase [there is
an increase] in the third element of the efficiency of human la-
bor, namely, its mechanical power... Auxiliary capital thus in-
crease its mass relatively to the population.., What conditions,
then, must be fulfilled that the mass of auxiliary capital em-
ployed to assist them" {the capitalist's workmen} "may increase?
There must concur 3 things: 1. the means of saving the additional
capital; 2. the will to save'it; 3. some invention by which it
may be possible, through the use of such capital, that the pro-
ductive powers of labor may be increased; and increased to an ex-
tent which will make it, in aldition to the wealth it before pro-
daced, reprodace the additional auxiliary capital used, as fast
as it is destroged, and also some profit on it...
When the fall amount of auxiliary capital, that in the actual
state of knowledge can be used profitably, has already been sup-
plied, ... an increased range of knowledge can alone point out
the means of employing more. Further, such employment is only
practicable if the means discovered increase the power of labor
safficiently to reprodace the additional capital in the time it
wastes amay. If this be not the case, the capitalist must lose
his wealth... But the increased efficiency of the laborers must,
besides this, produce some profit, or he would have no motive for
employing his capital in production at all... All the while, that
by emploging fresh masses of auxiliary capital these two objects
can be effected, there is no
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#588# Anhang und Register
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definite and final limit to the progressive employment of such
fresh masses of capital. They may go on increasing co-extensively
with the increase of knowledge. But knowledge is never sta-
tionary; and, as it extends itself from hour to hour in all di-
rections, from hour to hour some new implement, some new machine,
some new motive force may present itself, which will enable the
community profitably to add something to the mass of auxiliary
capital by which is assists its industry, and so increase the
difference between the productiveness of its labor and that of
poorer and less skilfull nations." (l.c.[p. 38-41].)
430 ..."that the productive powers of labor are increased to such
an extent as to make it, in addition to the wealth it before pro-
duced, reproduce the additional auxiliary capital used, as fast
it is destroyed oder to reproduce the additional capital in the
time it wastes away." [p. 40.]
435 «L.étonnante rapidité avec laquelle une grande factorie de
coton, comprenant la filature et le tissage, peut être établie
dans le Lancashire, résulte des immenses c o l l e c t i o n s
de modèles de tout genre, depuis les énormes machines è vapeur,
les roues hydrauliques, les poutres et les solives en fonte, ju-
squ'au plus petit memnre d'un métier continu ou métier à tisser,
dont les ingénieurs, les constructeurs et les mécaniciens ont un
vaste assortiment. Dans le courant de l'anneé dernière M. Fair-
bairn fit des équipages de roues hydrauliques équivalant à la
force de 700 chevaux, et des machines à vapeur de la force de 400
chevaux, dans un seul de ses ateliers mécaniques, indépendant de
ses grands ateliers de construction de machines et de chaudières
à vapeur. Chaque fois qu'il s'offre des capitaux pour de nouvel-
les entreprises, les moyens de les faire fructifier s'exécutent
avec tant de rapidité, que l'on peut réaliser un profit qui en
double la valeur avant qu une factorie du même genre puisse être
mise en activité en France, en Belgique ou en Allemagne.»
(«Philosephie des manufactures etc.» par A. Ure, t. I, Paris
1836, p. 61, 62).
435 «Les facilités qui résultent de l'emploi des outils automati-
ques n'ont pas seulement perfectionné la précision, et accéléré
la construction du méconisme d'une fabrique, elles ont aussi di-
mianué le prix et augmenté la mobilité dans une proportion remar-
quable. Maintenant on peut se procurer un metier continu supéri-
eurement fait, à raison de 9 sh. 6 d. par fuseau, et un mull-
jenny automatique renvideur à environ 8 sh. par fuseau, y compris
les droits de patente pour ce dernier. Les broches dans les fac-
tories de coton se meuvent avec si peu le frottement, que la
force d'un seul cheval en chasse 500 sur les métier, enfin 300
sur les mull-jenny renvideur automatique, et 180 sur le metier
continu; cette force comprend toutes les machines préparatoires
telles que les cardes, les bancs à broches, etc. Une force de 3
chevaux suffit pour chasser 30 grands métiers à tisser avec leur
métier à parer.» (l.c.p. 62, 63.)
436 "Over by far the greater part of the globe, the great majo-
rity of the laboring classes do not even receive their wages from
capitalists; they either produce them themselves, or receive them
from the revenue of their customers. The great primary step has
not been taken which secures the continuity of their labor; they
are aided by s u c h k n o w l e d g e only, and such an
amonnt of mechanical power as may be found in the posession of
persons laboring with their own hands for their subsistence. The
skill and science of more advanced countries, the giant motive
forces, the accumulated tools and machines which those forces may
set in motion, are absent from the tasts of the industry which is
carried on by such agents alone", ([Jones, "Text-book of lectu-
res...", Hertford 1852] p. 43.)
436 "Take agriculture... A knowledge of good farming is spread
thinly, and with wide intervals, over the country. A very small
part of the agricultural populations is aided by
#589# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
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all the capital which... might be available in this branch of the
national industry... the working in these" {great manufactories)
"is the occupation of only a small portion of our non-agricul-
tural laborers. In country workshops, in the case of all han-
dicraftsmen and mechanics who carry on their separate task with
little combination, there the division of labor is incomplete,
and its continuity consequently imperfect... Abandon the great
towns, observe the broad surface of the country, and you will see
what a large portion of the national industry is lagging at a
long distance from perfection, in either continuity, skill, or
power." (l.c.p. 44.)
436 ..."the power of moving capital and labor from one occupation
to another... the mobility of capital and labour, and in coun-
tries where agricultural capital and labor have no such mobility
... we cannot expect to observe any of the results which we see
to arise here from that mobility exclusively." (l.c.p. 59.)
437 In Asia etc. "the body of the population consists of laboring
peasants; systems of cultivation ¦¦1153¦ imperfectly developed.
afford long intervals of leisure. As the peasant produces his own
food..., he also produces most of the other primary necessities
which he consumes his dress, his implements, his furniture, even
his buildings: for there is in his class little division of occu-
pations. The fashions and habits of such a people do not change;
they are handed down from parents to children; there is nothing
to alter or disturb them." (p. 97.)
437 "Where a steam-engine is employed on a farm, it forms part of
a system which employs most labourers in agriculture, and in all
cases with a reduction of horses." ("On the Forces used in Agri-
calture." Paper read by Mr. John C. Morton, at the Society of
Arts, [December 7, 1859].)
437 "The difference of time required to complete the products of
agriculture, and of other species of labour, is the main cause of
the great dependence of the agriculturists. They cannot bring
their commodities to market in less time than a year. For that
whole period they are obliged to borrow from the shoemaker, the
tailor, the smith, the wheelwright, and the various other labou-
rers, whose products they want, and which are completed in a few
days or weeks. Owing to this natural circumstance, and Owing to
the more rapid increase of the wealth produced by other labour
than that of agricultule, the monopolizers of all the land, alt-
hough they have also monopolized the legislation, are unable to
save themselves and their servants, the farmers, from becoming
the most dependent class of men in the community." (Hodgskin,
"Pop. Polit. Econ.", p. 147, note.)
439 "The power of a nation to accumulate capital from profits
does not vary with the rate of profit... on the contrary, the po-
wer to accumulate capital from profits, ordinarily varies inver-
sely as the rate of profit, that is, it is great where the rate
of profit is low, and small where the rate of profit is high.
([Jones, "Text-book of lectures...", Hertford 1852] p. 21.)
439 "Though that part of the revenue of the inhabitants which is
derived from the profits of stock is always much greater in rich,
than in poor, countries, it is because the stock is much greater;
in proportion to the stock, the profits are generally much less."
(A. Smith, "W.o.N.", B. II, ch. III [p. 102].)
439 "In England and Holland, the rate of proft is lower than in
any other parts of Europe. ([Jones, "Text-book of lectures...",
Hertford 1852] p. 21.)
439 "During the period in which her" (Englands) "wealth and capi-
tal have been increasing the most rapidly, the rate of profits
has been gradually declining." (p. 21, 22.)
#590# Anhang und Register
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439 "The relative masses of the profits produced ... depend not
alone on the rate of profit ... but on the rate of profit taken
in combination with the relative quantities of capital employed."
(p. 22.)
439 "The increasing quantity of capital of the richer nation...
is also usually accompanied by a decrease in the rate of profits,
or a decrease in the proportion, which the annual revenue derived
from the capital employed, bears to its gross amount." (l.c.)
439 "If it be said that all other things being equal, the rate of
profit will determine the power of accumulating from profit, the
answer is, that the case, if practically possible, is too rare to
deserve consideration. We know, from observation, that a decli-
ning rate of profit is the usual accompainment of increasing dif-
ferences in the mass of capital employed by different nations,
and that, therefore, while the rate of profits in the richer na-
tions declines, all [other] things are not equal. If it be asser-
ted that the decline of profits may be great enough to make it
impossible to accumulate from profits at all, the answer is, that
it would be foolish to argue on the assumption of such a decline,
because long before the rate of profits had reached 1*) such a
point, capital would go abroad to realize greater profits else-
where, and tbat the power of exporting will always establish some
limit below profits will never fall in any one country, while
there are others in which the [rate of] profit is greater. (p.
22, 23.)
440 "Außer den primary sources of accumulation ... derivative
ones. Wie z.B. die owner of national debt, Beamten etc." (p. 23.)
441 "1. Differences of temperament and disposition in the people:
2. Differences in the proportions in which the national revenues
are divided among the different classes of the population;
3. Different degrees of security for the safe enjoyment of the
capital saved;
4. Different degrees of facility in investing profitably, as well
as safely, successive savings;
5. Differences in the opportunities offered to the different
ranks of the population to better their position by means of
savings." (p. 24.)
442 "When land has been appropriated and cultivated, such land
yield, in almost every case, to the labor employed on it, more
than is necessary to continue the kind of cultivation already be-
stowed upon it. Whatever it prodaces ¦¦1156¦ beyond this, we will
call its surplus produce. Now this surplus produce is the source
of primitive rents, and limits the extent of such revenues, as
can be continuously derived from the land by its owners, as di-
stinct from its occupiers." (p. 19.)
Beilagen
498 "Interest - remuneration for the productive employments of
savings; profit properly so called is the remuneration for the
agency for superintendence during this productive employment."
("Westminster Review", Januar 1826, p. 107 sq.)
514 ...«est la faculté de vendre toujours de nouveau le même ob-
jet et d'en recevoir toujours de nouveau le prix, sans jamais cé-
der la propriété de ce qu'on vend.» («Gratuite du crédit. Discus-
sion entre M. Fr. Bastiat et M. Proudhon», Paris 1850, p. 9.)
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#591# Originaltexte der fremdsprachigen Zitate
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515 «En effet, le chapelier qui vend les chapeaux... erhält dafür
la valeur, ni plus ni moins. Mais le capitaliste prêteur... ren-
tre nicht nur intégralement dans son capital; il reçoit plus que
le capital, plus que ce qu'il apporte à l'échange; il reçoit en
sus du capital un intérêt.» (p. 69.)
515 «Il est impossible que, l'intérêt du capital s'ajoutant, dans
le commerce au salaire de l'ouvrier pour composer le prix de la
marchandise, l'ouvrier puisse racheter ce qu'il a luimême pro-
duit. Vivre en travaillant est un principe qui, sous le régime de
l'intérêt. implique contradiction.» (p. 105.)
515 «Comme, par l'accumulation des intérêts, le capital-argent,
d'échange en échange, revient toujours é sa source, il s'ensuit
que le relocation, toujours faite par la même main, profite tou-
jours au même personnage.» (l.c.p. 154.)
515 «Puisque la valeur n'est autre chose qu'une proportion, et
que taus les produits sont nécessairement proportionnels entre
eux, il s'ensuit qu'au point de vue social, les produits sont
toujours valeurs et valeurs feites: la différence, pour la so-
ciété, entre capital et produit, n'existe pas. Cette difference
est toute subjective aux individus.» (p. 250.)
516 «Tout travail doit laisser un excedant.» (p. 200.)
525 "The great premium attached to the possession of gold and
silver, by the power it gives of selecting advantageous moments
or purchasing, gradually gave rise to the trade of the Banker...
Differs from the old usurer, that he lends to the rich and seldom
or never to the poor. Hence he lends with less risk, and can af-
ford to do it on cheaper terms, and for both reasons, he avoids
the popular odium which attented the usurer." (F.W. Newman,
"Lectures on Pol. Econ.", London 1851. p. 44.)
526 "The introduction of money which buys all things und daher
der favour für den Kredito der money leiht dem Landbesitzer,
brings in the necessity of legal alienation für den Vorschuß."
(John Dalrymple, "An essay toward a general history of Feud.
Prop. in Great Brit.", 4. edition, London 1759, p. 124.)
527 ...«avait fixé l'intérêt de l'argent à 1% par an.» (...) «Ces
lois promptement violées. Duilins (398 a.U.C). réduit 1*) de nou-
veau l'intérêt de l'argent à 1%, unciario foenore. Réduit à 1/2 %
en 408; en 413, le prêt a l'intérêt fut absolument défendu par un
plebiscite durch den le tribun Cenucius provoqué. It n'est pas
étonnant que, dans une republique ou l'industrie, ou le commerce
en gros et en detail etaient interdits aux citoyens, on defendit
aussi le commerce de l'argent.' (Dureau de la Malle, [«Économie
politique des Romains»], t. II, p. 259-261.) «Cet état dura 300
ans, jusqu' à la prise de Carthage. 12% nun, 6% le taux commun de
l'intérêt annuel.» (l.c.p. 261.) «Justinianus fixe l'intérêt à 4
pour % Usura quincunx beim Trajan ist der intérêt légal von 5
pour %. 12 pour % était l'intérêt commercial en Egypte, 146 ans
avant J.-C.» (p. 262, 263.)
527 "Daß ein Mann, der Celd borgt mit der Absicht, Profit davon
zu machen, einen Teil des Profits dem Verleiher geben soll, is a
self-evident principle of natural justice. Ein Mann macht Profit
gewöhnlich mittelst des traffick. Aber im Mittelalter die Bevöl-
kerung rein agrikol. Und da, wie unter dem feudal government,
kann nur wenig traffick und daher wenig profit sein. Daher die
Wuchergesetze im Mittelalter gerechtfertigt. Außerdem: in an
agricultural country a person seldom wants to borrow money except
he be
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1*) Bei Duresu de la Malle: réduisit
#592# Anhang und Register
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reduced to poverty or distress by misfortune. ( J.W. Gilbart,
"The History and Principles of Banking", London 1834, p. 163.)
528 "Um zu wissen, ob ein Land arm oder reich ist, hat man nur zu
fragen: Quel y est le prix de l'intérêt de l'argent)" (Josias
Child, «Traités sur le commerce...», Amsterdam et Berlin 1754, p.
74.) «Comme le champion de la troupe craintive et tremblante des
usuriers, il établit sa principale batterie vers le côté que j'ai
avoué être le plus foible... Il nie positivement que le bas in-
térêt en (de la richesse) soit la cause et il assûre qu'il n'en
que l'effet.» (p. 120.) ... "Die Zinsreduktion porte une nation a
l'oeconomie." (p. 144.) "Wenn der commerce es ist, der ein Land
bereichert, und wenn die Herabsetzung des Zinses den commerce
vermehrt, so ist eine Reduktion des Zinses oder Restriction des
Wuchers ohne Zweifel une cause principale et productive des ri-
chesses d'une nation. Es ist durchaus nicht absurd zu sagen, daß
dieselbe Sache zu gleicher ¦¦950b¦ Zeit Ursache unter gewissen
circonstances und Wirkung unter andern sein kann." (p. 155.)
"L'oeuf est la cause de la poule, et la poule est la cause de
l'oeuf. Die Zinsenreduktion kann also eine Vermehrung des Reich-
tums und die Vermehrung des Reichtums eine noch größere Zinsenre-
duktion verursachen. Die erstere läßt sich durch ein Gesetz tun.
(p. 156.) «Je suis l'avocat de l'industrie, et mon adversaire 1*)
plaide pour la paresse et l'oisiveté.» (p. 179.)
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1*) Bei Child: & sa réponse
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